Buying of Private Brands and Manufacture of Brands

Johanson and Burt article provides an analysis on recent decades’ trend of private labeled brands in European retail outlets—the trend is also gaining pace in North America.The authors are specifically interested in finding similarities and differences of purchasing processes of private brands verses those owned by independent manufacturers. Private brands are hereby taken to mean good, usually foodstuffs that bear retailers name. Johanson and Burt highlight find that initial introduction of these brands into retailers’ shelves was marked with low quality and low prices.However, continued trade of these products has gradually been companied by improved quality to an extent of private brands becoming part of mainstream retailing business. For instance, private brands constitute of 40-50 percent of merchandise sold in British retail outlets (Johanson & Burt 2000). This is in consideration that competitive pressure in retailing industry has sent participants out loo king for ways to increase profit margins.Private brands have also been mentioned as sources of more variety of merchandise and therefore consumer choice at respective outlets (Bass & Binder 2008). Players in the industry have therefore embarked on competing on the provision of low priced private brands, as well as increasing these brands’ loyalty in their already existing customer base.The purchasing of own private brands comes with greater responsibilities on companies and therefore complicate individual retail outlets’ operations. This is in consideration the on other brands, retailers are used to just ordering merchandise from respective manufacturers, but the new approach require retail management to be involved in every step of product development.For instance, retailers have to bore the responsibility of designing private brands, looking for manufacturers (or processors in the case of foodstuffs) and transporters to individual stores, as well as dealing with non sold items.The authors expressed fear that preoccupation with the above processes could derail retailers from their traditional occupation of buying and selling of merchandise and therefore suffer through decreased profit margins, especially because of the extra costs involved.However, private brands have the advantage of the greater amount of market information held by respective retailers. Indeed, shopping chains are more likely to undertaking deep research on merchandise that would fetch most profit margins as private brands (Mattsson 2008). Secondly, the heavy market powers held by private owners are more likely to attract discounts from manufactures and other businesses involved.Many are the companies that scrabble for contracts for manufacture or processing of private brands. Johanson and Burt (2000) have mentioned that success in private brands depend on three forms of integration within individual retail chains.First is vertical integration, which means coordination between retail chain and individual store outlet—this is important in developing efficient processes of moving private brands to from low demand to high demand territories.Second is the horizontal integration which comes to play when the retail chain has many stores that need to interact with each other. Efficient integration between different stores in the same chain and stakeholders is therefore central to successful private branding in retail stores. Johanson and Burt have did, in their article find integration as what has caused British chains to reap higher revenues through private brands.ReferencesBass, A. & Binder, S., 2008, Retail Space Invaders, Available At:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.brandchannel.com/papers_review.asp?sp_id=775Mattsson, A., 2008, Global Retailers Increase Private Brand Goods, Available At:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.intertek- etlsemko.com/portal/page/cust_portal/ITK_PGR/ABOUT_INTERTEK_ETL_PG/  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   OUR _NEWSROOM_PG/UPDATE_NEWSLETTER_PG/Update_2002/SUM02_  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   global_retail_article

The Ipremier Company

The iPremier Company: Denial of Service Attack 1. Company overview The iPremier is Web-based Commerce Company and established in 1996 by two founder students from Swarthmore College. The company is one of the top two retail businesses in online transaction which selling from vintage goods and to the luxury item. Its well knows that during fiscal year 2006, iPremier has grabbed profit $2. 1 millions with sales of $32 million from their high-end customer.The company has also recorded with growth by 20% annually for the last three years consecutive sales whereas back in late 1998, the company’s history of stock price had nearly tripled, especially when the euphoria of the 1999, which the market is rose to tripling, prices. Its mean the company has strong cash position. The most interesting strategic is flexibility return policies which to allow customer to thoroughly examine the products before deciding whether to keep them.2. Management and cultureThe management at the company is build-up from the mix of talented youngster who been loyal from l ong time period and experiences managers who had been gradually recruited as the company grew. The recruiter team has focused on well-educated technical background with knowhow in business environment especially business professionals with reputations for high performance. All employees will subject to quarterly performance appraisal that tied directly to the compensation. It’s competitive environments work, whereby unsuccessful managers will not last long.Company has standardized on its governing value in terms of discipline, professionalism, commitment to delivering results and partnership for achieving profits. iPremier orientation towards doing â€Å"whatever it takes† to get projects done on schedule, which is especially related with customer satisfaction orientation by providing benefit. It’s essential in company to develop the competitiveness environment in order to compete the MarketTop as major competitor. Therefore the R&D team should more creative to be advance by developing the related software require for the program to attract customer.3. iPremier IT Technical ArchitectureIn general, iPremier has engaged Q-data for collocation facility where Internet data’s will store in outsource system. The collocation facilities are sometime called â€Å"Internet Data Center† or simply â€Å"hosting facilities†. Q-data as partner will provide floor space, redundant power supplies, and high-speed connectivity to the Internet, environmental control and physical security. All these recognized as Network Operation Center for websites basis. Figure-1, shown the iPremier IT technical architecture system that include of â€Å"firewall† system to protect a local network and the computers that could be a feature of against unauthorized access. pic] Figure-1, iPremier IT Technical Architecture4. Case of Hacked January 12, 2007iPremier system has hacked by unknown intruder sending email in every second with message â€Å" ha† and locked the website that caused iPremier customer can’t access. It’s the first time iPremier through Q-data attack by unauthorized people. The chronology as follow: 04:30 am, as the approximately the first email received in Q-data mailbox system and continued in every second, that could said â€Å"ha.. ha.. ha.. a† from anonymous source. Leon Ledbetter as the new operation staff was suggested by Joanne Ripley, technical operation team leader, should report and make an emergency call to the iPremier new CIO, Bob Turley on which being away from the HQ and just arrived in New York to meet with Wall Street analysis. Bob Turley has give suggestion to check the emergency procedure in motion and make call operation staff in Q-data since he understood that iPremier has the right to get better service of monitoring 24/7. 4:39 am, the consolidation period to handle the case with few suggestion from other iPremier senior high level management such as seeking t he business operation standard (emergency procedure and business continuity plan), IT help desk, restarting the Web server, pull the plug (physically disconnect to the communication line) and approach on DoS system that it maybe potentially targeted by hacker. 05:27 am, restoration system period by trial and error approach on SYNCHRONIZEDSystem that related with the DoS system as the next step.There was something happened in SYN-ACT system which looks like â€Å"SYN flood† from multiple sites directed at the routers that runs the firewall services. SYN-ACT is the Web server communication whereas each conversation begins with a sequence of â€Å"handshake† interaction. The computer system will initiate to send information to synchronize in the web server. The contacted Web server responds with a synchronized acknowledge or â€Å"SYN-ACT† Theoretically, SYN flood is an attack on a Web server intended to make it think a very large number of â€Å"conversationsâ₠¬  that are being initiated in rapid succession.Because each interaction seems real traffic to the Web site whereas the Web server will automatically expands resources dealing with each one. By flooding the site, an attacker can effectively paralyze the Web server by trying to start too many conversations with it. 05:46 am, systems back to normal, the attack just stopped without any action to be done. It seems DoS denial of service attack. The Web site is running, and customer who visits iPremier website wouldn’t know anything since the hacked was stopped by own self.5. Answer the questionsQ-1: How well did this company perform during this attack? In general, iPremier seems not well prepare when hack has happened although the business operation standard i. e. emergency procedure and business continuity plan in ordered but misplaced due to in proper filing. There are few items highlighted from the case; o No crisis management strategy which means there is no emergency procedu re in motion being set for business continuity plan whereby the current business operation standard is not in proper binder and out of date from the current use of technology No disaster recovery plans in place o Too much reliance on outsourcing o Never practice incident response o External factor that indirectly affect to company Q-2: What should they have done differently, before or during the event? Before: o iPremier should have chosen a better Internet Hosting business with better firewalls (software and hardware) – be accessible 24/7, have their own technical support, keep logs of events, do regular system updates and backups. Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) in case of DoS attacks (as well as other technical problems), and have emergency response team ready to execute it as soon as possible. PR SOP for every crisis scenarios, and the PR team should have prepared statements ready within the first couple of hours o Engaged the help of external Tiger Team to test its s ystems and external audit company to do a security audit During the event: o Follow suggestion by Joanne Ripley to disconnect all production computers and rebuild from scratch.They have documentations for that, minimal risk of something going wrong o Attempts to place a spyware/malware inside the company’s systems through a thorough check on all files in the system o Release a prepared statement to all stakeholders. Information flow on the company’s effort to restore service to normal should be constant o Keep records of company’s effort to overcome the threats and find any other unusual activities in the systems, which will be useful for post-mortem o iPremier should alert and get help from relevant authorities o The aim of this effort is twofold; Firstly, to defeat the threats to the company’s systems as comprehensively as possible†¢ Secondly, to alert the authorities that the company is currently under attack by unknown attacker(s), and the compan y is not liable for any illegal activities that might have emanate from the company’s computers while the company is under attack Q-3: What should they do in the aftermath of the event? iPremier as virtual business company (Web-based Commerce) should do correction action plan with the following area; Provide accurate, reliable info about the status of the event o File-by-file examination:Evidence of missing dataBegin study of how ‘digital signature technology' might be used to assure that files on production computers were the same files initially installed thereRestart all production computer equipment sequentially without interrupting service to customersImplement secure shell access so that production computing equipment could be modified and managed from off sitePracticing simulated attack by nominated task force incident response teamDefine the security requirements for the system, and then begin a process of reworking its security architecture accordinglyGet infra structure up and running quickly by lease sophisticated firewall, upgrade and up-to-date OS as well as Security PolicyEstablish secure encrypted tunnel through Virtual Private Line Q-4: What, if anything, should they say to customers, investors, and the public about what has happen?In Information Technology and System business that ethic in information society is important which affect to the responsibility, accountability and liability of the company, especially where the Company has public registered. It’s therefore iPremier senior high level management has done the right action to disclose the incident to avoid panic investor, legal action and minimize the customer impact. 6. Conclusion Revisit and update the Standard Operation Plan and Business Continuity Plan as Company strategy to sustain in core business as Web-retailer provider o Regularly revisit and upgrade the server security system – hardware and software o Avoid dependency on single source provider for dat a storage and server security system o Providing proper and sufficient disk space for back-up data o Upgrade with the new security system.

Reaction Paper on the 11th Hour

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Anthrax - Essay Example tistics indicating that the number of affected decreased from 130 estimated cases in 1990s to less than two cases in the 21sts century (Cdc.gov, 2014). Treatment and preventive measures are available to those affected by the bacteria with earlier detection techniques available at the medical centers. The need to threaten or weaken a particular nation has led to the use of biological weapons, attack hard to prevent to its nature. Bioterrorism refers to the use biological weapons to induce harm over a person or group of people. The similarity between a bioterrorism and biologic warfare is the agent used whereas the major difference being the intention of using a particular biological agent (Ivanova et al., 2003). The agents considered in carrying out a bioterrorist attack are classified according to their pathogenicity. Anthrax, a disease caused by the bacteria Bacillus anthracis, is mostly used, and several hoaxes of this bacterium have been reported in the United States (Saffer, 2004). When selecting an effective bioterrorism agent, perpetrators consider several factors that will make it easier for the desired goal to be achieved effectively. The agent selected should possess the ability to cause morbidity, mortality, or illness with difficult diagnosis and treatment. Accessibility, stability, and reproducibility are other factors that are carefully analyzed for consideration of an agent. The agent should be easy to find which was simpler before the federal regulations illegalized the sale of specific pathogenic organisms by biological supply companies. Reproducibility aids in ensuring that enough quantity to carry out an attack on a certain number of people is attainable (Saffer, 2004). Stability maintenance at different environmental conditions that it may be subjected to during the attack is vital especially in moving from one place to another and during dispersal. Dispersion aids in ensuring that the targeted group of people is exposed to the agent. Several

Quality Management and Continuous Improvement DB Week One Essay

Quality Management and Continuous Improvement DB Week One - Essay Example agement in assessing and investigating performance in order to ensure their services are valuable and adhere to established standards (Warren et.al, 2011). For example, cost of auditing workers, software, customer satisfaction and speed of executing services. Prevention costs are the expenses incurred in an effort to minimize appraisal and failure cost (Warren et.al, 2011). For example, the cost of inspecting check-in and check-out processes, evaluating the employee’s performance, inspecting cleanness of the rooms and the process of changing over the rooms at the client’s request. Internal costs are the expenses the hotel will incur in establishing poor services or products such before they are actually offered to the clients (Warren et.al, 2011). For example, inappropriate rooms, delays in check-in, check-out and cost of rearranging the room, repair of the rooms, unoccupied capacity, cost of motivating workers, cost of redirecting clients to other hotels. External failure costs are the cost related to defect in products or services after it has been offered to the clients (Warren et.al, 2011). For example, the customer dissatisfaction with the quality of rooms may cause them fail to continue visiting the hotel in the future. Cost of appraisal and external cost are very essential because they assist the management to evaluate how customers view the services and suggest what the management may do in order to increase customer

A Comparative Study of UK and Pakistan Research Paper

A Comparative Study of UK and Pakistan - Research Paper Example The study explores in great detail various design processes as influenced by globalization, which threaten to blur social, political and economic differences around the world. As such, this is a cross-disciplinary that explores global influences on the connections between culture and context design, media design and industrial designs in the development of textile products that not only meet but exceed global expectations. The paper also examines whether and how the superior design innovation curriculums such as the British may be introduced in Pakistan to bring the country’s technology resources, design ideas and principles up to speed with current and future global demands. The paper critically analyses three primary areas of textile design innovation, namely; culture and context design, industrial designs and media design. Firstly, culture and context design in both the United Kingdom and Pakistan will be analysed to establish the similarities between the two countries and what each country can learn from the other. As such, theories, notions and historical beliefs that influence design innovation within modern academies and studios will be explored in detail. Secondly, the study will explore industrial texture designs in general and how globalization continues to improve design innovation and the knowledge-base of both Pakistani and British. Greater focus will be placed on how the artists come up with textiles that meet the needs of the current and future worlds.

Write an abstract and make sure the paper and sources are in APA style Research

Write an abstract and make sure the and sources are in APA style - Research Paper Example To account for the differences in learning styles, the paper describes the actions that will be taken throughout the unit. It is also important to evaluate the learning of the students during the classes. For this, the paper describes the methods that will be used to assess learning of the syllabus. Finally, the paper describes the personal experiences and reflections of the author during the past teaching activities and indicates the success factors involved with conducting the course. Don Antonio Lugo High School, located in Chino, California, serves grades 9-12 in the Chino Valley Unified School District. Student body: 2,232. It has received a Great Schools rating of 6 out of 10 based on its performance on state standardized tests. Rational: Contemporary poems and songs are mixed in with old â€Å"classics† to give students a range of poetic experience. Attention is paid to including American, English, and Spanish content, and all the poems are quite accessible. Students will gain practice identifying poetic devices (such as metaphor, personification, imagery, etc.) because even though they may dislike these â€Å"mechanics† of poetry, they may need the information for future standardized exams. The unit involves lots of student participation. In addition to regular group work in class, students are asked to bring in poems or songs they feel are examples of good poetry, and to present these to the rest of the class. They’ll also write poems of their own, which will be shared during an informal â€Å"coffee-house class† during the final class of the poetry unit. Lots of poetry books, refreshments, chairs in a circle; invitation at the door to take a straw â€Å"sip† some juice and find a poem that you like and would share with the class (sitting down, no presentation). Write the name, poet, book, page # on your invitation before the party is over. (Takes full period – 75 poetry books

PA585 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR Essay

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Hist101 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hist101 - Research Paper Example Working in a secret Committee of Five, Thomas Jefferson authored the Declaration of Independence. The import of this is that being involved in this effort would have automatically attracted the death penalty for Jefferson and the entire committee, since secession from Britain was considered treasonous. The Declaration of the American independence would go a long way to protect the American ideals of democracy and freedom, than any other document1. Thomas Jefferson was also responsible for the passing of the Statute of Religious Freedom in Virginia. The bill was a landmark and radical piece of legislation since it cemented religious freedom in the US and gave individuals the rights and freedoms to pursue their religious convictions. Jefferson also inspired the founding of the University of Virginia, since he believed in a vibrant nation and personal freedom, as the values which the university would perpetuate. To Jefferson, it is only by making education accessible that the freedoms guaranteed in the Declaration of the American independence and the Statute of Religious Freedom would become meaningful2. It was during Thomas Jefferson’s presidency that Britain conducted search and seizures of US ships and woo many American sailors into joining the British navy. Because of this, America had to repeatedly recruit the navy. At the time, America was not strong enough to parallel Britain’s financial and military might. Thus, this incident could not be apportioned to Jefferson as his failure. Because of this, Jefferson still remains the patron and author of civil rights and freedoms and democracy in the United States. The main difference between Jacksonian Democrats and the Whigs in their understanding of American freedom and politics is that while Whigs wanted to maintain the political and socioeconomic status quo that had been

Kind of body Essay Example for Free

Kind of body Essay It reads, I know exactly what kind of body I want to have this year the font is very clear and big and bold making it easy to read, the black and white colours react well enhancing the view of the quote, there is a play on words in the writing of the quote which sits on top of the main block of text and acts like a sub heading. Reality confirms that it is just impossible for todays weight watchers to choose how they want to look and always dream of that miracle cure that will instantly change their physique and make them more attractive to the opposite sex, but this quote, which adds to the unique aspect of the text because it has been said by a person (woman) states that someone is saying that they will choose what kind of body they want this year, which instantly makes the reader that little more interested, being able to state such a thing lures the readers further into the advert, bringing them onto the main bulk of the text, now they have been briefed on what the product could do for you, with the help of the images titles and quotes the reader develops (her) interest enough to want to read the small print which a success on the count of the editor and retailer. Coming to the last few points of the advert analysis we see that there are some very considerable features that are hidden to the ordinary Joe Bloggs but seem to work like a charm unbeknown to them.  Ã‚  Moving on to the main bulk of text situated on the extreme right of the A4 spread. One point I have noticed is that the advert seems to form a secret map, for the readers eyes, there are certain features that follow on from each other that guide the eyes all round the advert gradually covering everything there is to see, below I have described how my map theory seems to function; You start with the large (st) picture of the woman,  Ã‚  Very close to that, close enough to not let the eyes wonder off is the big title stay special the eyes then run along the title crossing the textual bridge across the page  Which then leads the eye to the top of that page, using the natural instinct of the eye to go to the top of the following page when reading, which then Brings us to the next base where there is another title/quote then this leads you down  Ã‚  To the large capital N starting off the block of text the eyes read through this quite oblivious to the mapping system going on  Leading all the way down to the final caption and a finishing image to fixate in the readers mindAmazing!  And there you have it, moving back to the main bulk of text; this paragraph contains the main detail that the customer/reader needs to know, but would not instinctively stop to read while reading the whole magazine, even though if the reader may want the product, if they read the details their eyes do not recognise this while glancing at the page. Moving on to analysing the text itself; the entire paragraph is addressed to the reader personally like a one to one conversation, this adds familiarity between the reader and the woman in the advert, a very informal vocabulary is used with words such as beefcake and dream boy, and the subject of the text is associating the cereal with setting up a perfect relationship with a womans ideal man, by gaining the apparent impossible, and I quote, a figure thats irresistible. Further more as I read deeper into the text, a kind of friendly relationship is built up between the reader and the woman in the article and then some sentences, that are said soon make sense of the once mysterious images, like the picture of the man on the fridge; we soon understand that the picture is there to stop the woman pigging out because the image reminds her of her prize at the end. It states, A splash of ice cold milk on a bowl of Special K is a pleasure not a chore this has a great effect on the reader because everyone knows, that dieting and eating healthy just seems like hard work. However for the woman to say its a pleasure, coaxes the reader further and now that there is this little relationship going on with the reader and writer a sense of trust develops, the paragraph finishes off nicely with all I need now is someone just as tasty to share it with this Is a perfect finish if you ask me because it gets the reader thinking, and soon has them begging for the source that will grant them this perfect scenario, and they then finally read on to the final part which states all the nutritional facts about the cereal, as discussed before the last picture is of the box, and this is the last thing the reader sees, before turning the page and will be the most recent thing they remember when they go shopping for another Bach of cereal. Some very good features were described; we have witnessed the very skilful and cunning minds of editors for adverts, how deep planning and thinking is needed to capture the readers interest and also just as importanttrust.  My Advert (MFI)  My advert is advertising a well-known furniture store called MFI; the advert is set upon one single A4 sheet, and only contains one main image, one title and a logo. As with the previous analysis I will start with the images and the rest of the features will follow after one another. As I said there is only one main image this is of a beautiful bedroom that has a very warm feel to it because of the mixture of dark reds and purples, used in the room. In the centre of the bedroom is a bed and on the bed lying down is ruby wax a very well known TV presenter, in a night gown with her feet up in the air smiling looking towards the reader. The room is truly fit for a king/queen, as all the features of the room are immaculate and matching almost impeccably. Now to pinpoint the effect of this;  First of all the whole page is taken up by the colours of the image and this will easily attract the readers attention, as it did mine when I was searching for an advert to study. So the advert relies a lot on its image functions to attract attention and not so much on titles and quotes. The room is immaculate telling the reader that their bedroom may well look like this if they shop at MFI  There is a teddy on the bed and I feel this adds a bit of familiarity to the advert and associates it with everyday people  A known celebrity is used to sell the product, and as people will flick through the pages of a magazine a face that they recognise will almost certainly make them stop and want them to read on  Also Ruby Wax is a very high rate celebrity and people know that she has a few quid, and when they see Ruby Wax with some products from MFI they suddenly think well if its good enough for its good enough for me, for celebrities may shop where ever they want, and if she has chosen MFI this forms a trust bond with the reader of good quality. Moving on to the text, there is only one main title piece of text which reads, all the big names under one roof  This is corresponding to two things at one time so is a play on words. One meaning is referring to Ruby Wax, as she without a doubt is a big name and she is under one roof in the bedroom so that is one of the meanings of this text piece. Then the second meaning is referring to the actual brands of the furniture, all the big names under one roof all the best furniture brands in one shop. This effect causes the reader to think for a second and choose which out the two ways they interpret this title either way they will be impressed by the statement and will instantly be intrigued to go and check out the big names under the roof of MFI. Then finally we have the logo of the brand that kitted out the bedroom that Ruby Wax is displaying, this the last thing the reader sees and this sticks in the readers mind for when they may visit MFI so SCHREIBER at MFI assists the reader in what they look for first when they visit the store, this is a beneficial technique for both MFI and SCHREIBER and this about wraps up the features of this advert, not quite as complex as Kelloggs but that advert had more of psychological effect on woman of today and their scenario of wanting a man and needing a nice figure to find a decent one, where as furniture is more of a general subject and requires less detailed features.

Briefly Examine The Seven I Am Statements Religion Essay

Briefly Examine The Seven I Am Statements Religion Essay Introduction The purpose of this paper is to briefly examine the seven I AM statements of Jesus and their significance to the salvation. John is the only gospel that uses the I AM statements of Jesus as a framework for representing the gospel. The gospel is an extraordinary unique account in the New Testament. When God spoke to Moses again and again throughout the wilderness I am YHWH; I am He (ni YHWH; ni hu) The Septuagint (lXX) translated these words in Greek as, ego eimi and the author of Johns gospel aimed at presenting Jesus identity as that YHWH who chose to reveal His self divine as God in a human form. The primary source for the I am statements in John is not found in pagan source or Hellenistic but in the speeches of YHWH in (Exodus 3:6; 3:14; 20:2; Isa. 41:4, 13) and in the self pronouncements of personified Wisdom, demonstrates especially in (Proverbs 8) and (Sirach 24).  [1]   Jesus speaks of Himself in figurative or metaphorical speech where I am appears up with a foretell nominative as follows: John 6:35, 51 I am the bread of Life (Living bread) John 8:12; 9:5 I am the light of the world John 10:7, 9 I am the gate (for the sheep) John 10:11, 14 I am the good shepherd John 11:25 I am the resurrection and the life John 14:6 I am the way, and the truth, and the life John 15:1, 5 I am the true vine. I am the bread of Life the Living bread (John 6:35, 51) When Jesus announces I am the bread of life (John 6:35) and compare the nourishment He gives with manna in the wilderness John states a number of related passages about God feeding the Israelites (Exodus 16:4, 15, Psalm 78:24, Prov. 9:1, 5) in wisdom tradition of Israel the manna was interpreted as word and instruction so Johns Jesus is the spiritual word of God and hence the real food moreover Jesus bread of life speech invents wisdoms claim that the one who eats of me will hunger still, the one who drinks of me will thirst for more (Sir. 24:20) when Jesus proclaims whoever comes to me will never hunger and whoever believes in me will never thirst (John 6:35; cf.4:14).  [2]   I am the light of the world (John 8:12; 9:5) When Jesus proclaims I am the light of the world,(John 8:12; 9:5) therefore he both reveals his true identity as Wisdom spiritual and invites all who search enlightenment to come to Him, the only true light. Jesus is the son of God and the world are the children of the devil Jesus invites them to come and see who He is therefore their lack of love for God and their ignorance of spiritual things because their sin blinds them from seeing who He really is the Light of the whole world and that the peoples eternal destiny depends on their reaction to Him. Jesus affirms to a Jewish crowd I am the light of the world. John informed us in the prologue (John 1:11) that the incarnate Word was the life and the life was the light of men. Jesus is the only light and that people must respond to the coming of the light by believing in Him apart from that they are lost eternally. The light shines in the darkness, but the darkness has not understood it. (John 1:4-5). The light metaphor elaborates what he had previously said. John states that Jesus made the claim about being the light of the world. And whosoever follows me will never walk in darkness but will have the light of life (John 8:12). In the subsequent interaction between Jesus and the crowd, the gospel of John makes it clear that part of the Jews, scribes and the Pharisees in particular who did not believe in Jesus were still walking in the darkness. John has Jesus saying to them, You are from you father the devil and you choose to do your fathers desires (John 8:44).  [3]   I am the gate for the sheep (John 10:7, 9) I AM the gate for the sheep (John 10:7). No one comes to the Father except through me. He confidently states that He is not one of many ways to God but the only way. He disintegrates to the lost sinner who is ignorant and spiritually dead, that in order to come to God the Father and asserts His uniqueness as Him being the only way, the truth and the life. Jesus responded that a life given in belief and faith in Him would pave the way to eternal fellowship with Him. As Jesus claim to be the way, the truth and life is of great importance that there are not many ways to God but the only way that Jesus embodies and proclaims the truth is a major theme throughout Johns Gospel. A gate like a door serves both to permit access and prevent access it literally marks a boundary either physical or figurative between inside and outside the gate. Jesus is the only entrance in the family of God He uses this parable to express His role as the door or the gate to the kingdom of God. Like shepherds regulate the coming and going of sheep between the sheep pen and the pastures. As the door, Jesus decides whoever enters the family of God. It is He who gives salvation, security and satisfaction to all who come into the family of God through Jesus. The parable about the contrast between a thief or a robber who does not use the door of the sheepfold and shepherd the doorkeeper and the sheep hear the voice of the shepherd and to him the doorkeeper opens; calling the sheep by name, the shepherd leads out them to pasture. Jesus seeking explains His message and enlarges its meaning now claims I am the door by which the sheep of the sheep pen enters. Jesus says the thief only com es to steal, kill and destroy I have come that they may have life and have it to the full. This is the security we have in Jesus alone as He said if anyone enters through me, he will be saved and have eternal life. I am the good shepherd (John 10:11, 14) Shepherd came to mean not only persons who herded sheep but also Kings (2 Sam. 5:2) and God Himself (Psa. 23; Isa. 40:11). Later prophets began to relate to Israels leaders as shepherds (Jer. 23; Ezek. 34) This parable of the shepherd with the help from ancient Eastern describes the daily normal procedure of the Oriental shepherd it is an enclosure that can only be entered through a door after the sheep have entered the pen or fold for the night a porter stays at the entrance to watch over them, in the morning the shepherd returns and the porter opens for him. The shepherd calls the sheep by their names and they recognize the shepherds voice, the sheep follow him. If a thief or a robber would have to climb over the fenced wall during the night should he try to enter the sheepfold and the sheep would be confused because of the strangers voice this imagery and the setting represent the truths of Jesus as the Shepherd. He speaks of the shepherd the one protects, leads, guides and nouris hes the sheep. And the sheep is totally dependant on the Shepherd as in (Psa. 23), Jesus spoke of Himself as the good shepherd referring to His mission He speaks of laying down His life for the sheep (John10:15, 17, 18).  [4]   I am the resurrection and the life (John11:25) Resurrection is distinguished in Johns gospel that depicts resurrection as a spiritual reality and a future eschatological event. The dead will be raised to eternal life Jesus raising of Lazarus from death to life which marked the beginning of His public ministry. The symbolic of the miracle made clear from the beginning the sickness would not end in death because Jesus will restore physical life His gift of eternal life to those who believe in Him, He will be glorified by this miracle though not so many people will admire it and praise Him but in the sense that it will lead to His death which is a point in His glorification.  [5]  John explains the significance in verses 51-52 He did not say this own his own but as high priest that year he prophesied that Jesus would die for the Jewish nation plus the scattered children of God and bring them together and unite them one. One must remember that no body was able to crucify Jesus against His will rather He gave up His life willingly so that we might have life. He also offers life itself, life through God the Father, The creator and giver of all life. Jesus states He is the life as the saying I AM the resurrection and the life. Again we observe Jesus associating very closely with life. It is He alone whose life is unique, self- existent like the life of the Father (5:16).  [6]   I am the way, and the truth, and the life (John 14:6) Jesus is the way the truth and the life (John 14:6) He is the true light (John 1:90) He is life and the source of life to others (John 3:16).who is at the same time the life of humanity (John 1:40) He gives knowledge of truth God (John 17:3) truth stands for the realm of pure and eternal reality this knowledge of the truth is a characteristic Greek conception and that is such knowledge that brings freedom which is also pleasant to Greek the thought. You will know the truth and the truth will set you free (John 8:32) in John there is a close link between life and truth. Jesus stresses in verse one and fifty one any one whoever has faith in me and trusts me will do even much greater works than these. I am the true vine (John15:1, 5) One of the most enduring metaphors of the Gospel of John is the allegory of I AM the vine, my Father is the gardener or vinedresser, we are the branches. Within the context of Jesus discourse, this metaphor illustrates the interconnectedness between the disciples and him. The vitality of the disciples lives directly depends upon him. In His elaboration of the metaphor, Jesus reveals its multi-faceted meanings. The dual images of vine and branches along with explicit references to fruit which emphasizes the growth, nourishment and fecundity apart from me you can do nothing. Along with the rest of the discourse of chapters 15-17, Jesus explication of the vine and branches strives to create a sense of unity and belonging among the disciples and to provide encouragement to the hearers of the Gospel. The metaphor concurrently brings death into view some branches inevitably wither away because they break from the vine; others are forcibly removed. The double aspects of growth and decay fit well with the dualistic tendencies of the Gospel. As anyone who has cultivated a vine knows such plants tend toward entanglement and wilderness. Vines grow haphazardly and without clear define patterns; to make them grow in a particular pattern or to confine them to a limited area it takes great care. Thus comes the necessity of the vine grower, a role that is played by God in (John15). Without such care the branches have little control over the direction of the tendrils of the plant that will grow. Furthermore when a vine has fully grown, the branches are often undistinguishable from the vine itself. The pruning of branches that do not bear fruit represents the cleansing of true believers, the ongoing cleansing after an initial cleansing at conversion, just as did Jesus washing of the disciples feet in relation to the disciples having been bathed already (Jesus 13:10).  [7]  Jesus identifies Himself as the true vine the imagery of the vine/vineyard found everywhere in the Pale stines climate was well suited for growing vineyards the grapevine is used throughout the Old Testament to symbolize the fertility of the land, (Deut. 6:11; Josh. 24:13; 1 Sam. 8:14; 2 Kings 5:26; Jer. 5:17; 40:10; Hos.2:12) which served as a ready image to speak of Israel as Gods vineyard (Isa. 1:8; 3:14; 5:1, 3-5, 7, 10; 27:2; Jer. 12:10). Wisdom too declares her identity as one who has taken root among Gods people. I am like a vine putting out fruitful shoots come to me you who hunger me and get filled of my fruits Jesus calls again the voice of wisdom when he says, I am the vine you are the branches. If a man remains in me and I in him, he will bear much fruit (John 15:5 NIV). John sees Jesus and the Father both at work together when Jesus spoke of Himself as the true vine and the Father as the cultivator where vine is Israel. In a vineyard fruitfulness is not desired, pruning is replaced to encourage productive growth this is a suggestive example of Christian life the fruit of a Christian life is never to live by the flesh or immoral life. The Father is decisive watching over the vine and takes away that is not fruitful like the vinedresser takes control of the vineyard to secure fruitfulness.  [8]   Conclusion Johns Gospel does not speak its contention, but brings the picture of God as He has all power, all wisdom and the life through His beloved son Jesus Christ as the way, the truth and to enhance life. The story begins as Jesus was prior Abraham. He is described as the good shepherd and His followers are the sheep. He is the gate of the sheep only through Him we can enter the kingdom of heaven. John makes clear the people who do not believe walk in darkness for Jesus is the light and His followers walk in the light. Jesus as the miracle worker, John drew on the signs source to construct the major part of his portrayal of Jesus public ministry then later he blended in with the narratives of Jesus life, death and resurrection. John submerged the entire narrative with his exalted Christology thus eventually giving the gospel its present basic shape and character, thus bringing Christ to the level of human understanding with the help of the Holy Spirit. Gods word suggests He can reveal Hims elf in numerous ways, but His ultimate revelation to man was through His very own Son, Jesus Christ. Gods salvation to the ends of the earth and the transformation of the believers is only available by the work of Holy Spirit and ones important contact with Him therefore we can see that the I AM sayings indicates His deity. In both Jesus is saying that it is important that those addressed come to trust Him as the I AM which looks very much like a claim to sharing the nature of deity. In conclusion the I AM sayings prove the deity of Jesus the Christ. And that when Jesus expresses these words, He requires presenting the astounding of His divine nature.

Developing a Potato Crop

Developing a Potato Crop Individual Research Paper on  Potatoes Darryl Wiebe Garret Sawatzky Devon Pouteau Production Seeding The ideal timing for seeding potatoes is late April until mid May. The average temperature highs are between 10 19 degrees Celsius and the average temperature lows are between -2 4 degrees Celsius. (Environment Canada) Cooler temperatures are great for avoiding early sprouting and damaging of potato seed before and after its in the ground. Seed rate should be approximately 17 CWT (1700 lbs) per acre. The seed depth should be around 5 -6 Inches below the surface of the top of your hill. The target seed spacing is 15 inches from seed to seed. An approximate average spacing between rows is 34 inches. Some conventional potato farmers will apply a fungicide, such as Titan or Emesto, during the cutting process of the seed. This will protect open cut seed from diseases. Fertilization The following is a Fertilizer program from Beaver Creek Farms located in south central Manitoba. Other farms in Manitoba may do it a variety of ways but this is a fairly common practice among Manitoba potato growers. In fall, the year prior to seeding, broadcast a potash blend of 0-0-60 at a rate of 300 lbs/ac. Work it into the soil using a coulter disc, or other implement, to avoid nutrient loss during the freeze thaw seasons. During planting a liquid blend of 10-34-0, 15-0-0-20 and 28-0-0 is applied in furrow at a rate between 8 20 U.S. gal/ac, depending on the field nutrient requirement. 28-0-0 is banded during row crop cultivation/hilling at 18 U.S. gal/ac Using a technique called Fertigation 28-0-0 is applied twice is applied twice in July at a rate of 20 U.S. gal/ac. This is done by mixing 28-0-0 with the water supply and spreading it on the crops using the irrigation pivots. All these techniques add up to a total nutrient application of 180-80-200-26. Crop Protection To protect against early disease, Quadris is applied in furrow while planting at an approximate rate of 0.2 L/ac. Just Prior to emergence, Glyphosate is broadcast at a rate of 0.7 L/ac to kill weeds to give a competitive edge to the near sprouting potatoes. One week after potato emergence Centurion is applied at 0.75 L/ac to kill grassy weeds. A week after the Centurion a mix of Prism, at 24 g/ac, and Sencor, at 150 ml/ac, is applied more weed protection. Starting at the end of July a fungicide like Dithane or Pencozeb is applied every 7 days until harvest at a rate of 0.9 kg/ac. Harvest The Optimal time for harvest is from mid to late September. The ideal size of potato, for food production, is from 4 16 oz. An approximate yield goal is around 350 CWT/ac or 35000 lbs/ac. Depending on selling contracts or storage availability some farms may haul potatoes directly to the production plant from the field. (Wiebe, 2016) Marketing End Use/Market The end market is for food. Chips, wedges, French fries, mashed or baked, there are plenty of different ways to prepare a potato. The Russet Burbank variety is the preferred potato for McCain food products as well as McDonalds french fries. Potatoes make up 52% of all fresh vegetables consumed in Canada (www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca) Price Trends Supply and Demand The average price per CWT in the last few years has stayed around $11.00. The estimated price per CWT for the next growing season is approximately $11.10. (Roy Arnott MAFRID Farm Management, 2016) The global potato production has grown steadily from 267 million metric tons in 1990 to 385.07 million metric tons in 2014. China, Russia, India, the United States and Ukraine are the largest producers of potatoes. China and India are emerging as the clear world leaders. During 2015, export sales of potatoes and potato products were 12 billion USD. The Netherlands, France, Germany, China, Egypt, U.S.A., Canada, Belgium, United Kingdom and Spain were the top ten exporting countries accounting for 77.2% of potato exports in 2015. (www.fao.org) The global trend in potato consumption is increasing, mostly in Asia and South America. However, the huge demand for potatoes comes from the United States and Belgium for processing purposes. (Statistics Canada)The increased demand for processed potato products will drive the demand for potatoes and will also affect potato prices in the future. During 2016-2021, the fastest market growth is expected to be in the Middle East, Brazil and East Asia. (Mordor Intelligence) References   Ã‚   (n.d.). Retrieved from www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca: www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/potato/ (n.d.). Retrieved from www.fao.org: www.fao.org/potato-2008/en/world/ Environment Canada. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.currentresults.com: https://www.currentresults.com/weather/canada/manitoba/temperature-may.php Mordor Intelligence. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.mordorintelligence.com: www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/potato-market Roy Arnott MAFRID Farm Management. (2016). Guidelines for Estimating Potato Production Costs. Manitoba Agriculture . Statistics Canada. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.livingin-canada.com: www.livingin-canda.com/food-prices-canada.html Wiebe, S. (2016). Potato Production. Beaver Creek Farms ltd., Macgregor.

A Hero :: essays research papers

A hero is often a man that is usually of divine ancestry. A hero or heroine can be found in many different forms. There are certain characteristics that make up a hero or a heroine. Some of those characteristics are someone who is endowed with great courage, loyalty, obedience, cleverness, strength and someone who is noted for special achievement in a particular field. Depending on the book or the character a hero or heroine could show one heroic characteristics or more and still considered to be a hero.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The hero, Beowulf, is a seemingly invincible person with all the extraordinary traits required of a hero. He is able to use his super-human physical strength and courage to put his people before himself. He encounters hideous monsters and the most ferocious of beasts but he never fears the threat of death. His leadership skills are superb and he is even able to boast about all his achievements. Beowulf is the ultimate epic hero who risks his life countless times for immortal glory and for the good of others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beowulf is a hero in the eyes of his fellow men through his amazing physical strength. He fought in numerous battles and returned victorious from all but his last. In his argument with Unferth, Beowulf explains the reason he lost a simple swimming match with his youthful opponent Brecca. Not only had Beowulf been swimming for seven nights, he had also stopped to kill nine sea creatures in the depths of the ocean. Beowulf is also strong enough to kill the monster Grendel, who has been terrorizing the Danes for twelve years, with his bare hands by ripping off his arm. When Beowulf is fighting Grendel's mother, who is seeking revenge on her son's death, he is able to slay her by slashing the monster's neck with a Giant's sword that can only be lifted by a person as strong as Beowulf. When he chops off her head, he carries it from the ocean with ease, but it takes four men to lift and carry it back to Herot mead-hall. This strength is a key trait of Beowulf's heroism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another heroic trait of Beowulf is his ability to put his peoples welfare before his own. Beowulf's uncle is king of the Geats so he is sent as an emissary to help rid the Danes of the evil Grendel. Beowulf risks his own life for the Danes, asking help from no one. A Hero :: essays research papers A hero is often a man that is usually of divine ancestry. A hero or heroine can be found in many different forms. There are certain characteristics that make up a hero or a heroine. Some of those characteristics are someone who is endowed with great courage, loyalty, obedience, cleverness, strength and someone who is noted for special achievement in a particular field. Depending on the book or the character a hero or heroine could show one heroic characteristics or more and still considered to be a hero.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The hero, Beowulf, is a seemingly invincible person with all the extraordinary traits required of a hero. He is able to use his super-human physical strength and courage to put his people before himself. He encounters hideous monsters and the most ferocious of beasts but he never fears the threat of death. His leadership skills are superb and he is even able to boast about all his achievements. Beowulf is the ultimate epic hero who risks his life countless times for immortal glory and for the good of others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beowulf is a hero in the eyes of his fellow men through his amazing physical strength. He fought in numerous battles and returned victorious from all but his last. In his argument with Unferth, Beowulf explains the reason he lost a simple swimming match with his youthful opponent Brecca. Not only had Beowulf been swimming for seven nights, he had also stopped to kill nine sea creatures in the depths of the ocean. Beowulf is also strong enough to kill the monster Grendel, who has been terrorizing the Danes for twelve years, with his bare hands by ripping off his arm. When Beowulf is fighting Grendel's mother, who is seeking revenge on her son's death, he is able to slay her by slashing the monster's neck with a Giant's sword that can only be lifted by a person as strong as Beowulf. When he chops off her head, he carries it from the ocean with ease, but it takes four men to lift and carry it back to Herot mead-hall. This strength is a key trait of Beowulf's heroism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another heroic trait of Beowulf is his ability to put his peoples welfare before his own. Beowulf's uncle is king of the Geats so he is sent as an emissary to help rid the Danes of the evil Grendel. Beowulf risks his own life for the Danes, asking help from no one.

Stephen Hawking :: essays research papers

Stephen Hawking was born on January 8, 1942, in Oxford, England. His father, Frank, was a specialist in tropical medicine, his profession often kept him away from home and family. Hawking’s mother, Isabelle, was a very politically active person, which kept her away from home too. Even though his parents were gone a lot, they had a big influence on his life. Hawking always wanted to study mathematics and physics, but his Dad said that mathematics did not have many job opportunities. He ended up majoring in physics and chemistry. Another reason he did not take mathematics was because it was not available at Oxford University, his local college. When he was growing up, he was a â€Å"self-learner†. His friends did not know how smart he was until his second year of college. He and his friends were assigned thirteen honors questions in the area of electricity and magnetism. It took his friends, Derek, Gordan, and Richard, a week to complete two and a half of the problems. Ha wking did the first ten in three hours, he did not complete the others because he said he did not have enough time. Once, in college, he fell down a flight of stairs. After he fell down, he could not remember anything, gradually he began remembering, until he remembered it all, which took all of two hours. Stephen Hawking graduated from Oxford University at the age of twenty in 1962. He then took a trip to Prussia with a friend. During the visit, he became ill. Upon returning to England, he had a series of tests to identify his health problem. He moved to Cambridge to attend graduate school, which is where he learned that he had Lou Gehrig’s disease. This disease destroys the voluntary muscles, making normal tasks become impossible, such as walking and eating. Doctors predicted that he had to and a half years to live. He became depressed at stopped working and going to school. During this time, he met his future wife, Jane Wilde. They had three children: Robert (1967), Lucy ( 1970), and Timothy (1979). Meeting Jane, lifted Hawking’s spirits so much that he disregarded his illness, returned to work and school. He did research at Caisus College and studied theoretical physics. He did this partly because he found elementary particles unattractive and he wanted to study with Fred Hoyle, who was a British astronomer and also a science fiction novelist.

Article 62 of the Vienna Convention Essay

The doctrine of fundamental change of circumstances, (rebus sic stantibus) is a principle of customary international law allowing a part to an agreement to withdraw or terminate it where there has been a fundamental change in circumstances. The main justification for this principle is that treaties often remain in force for many years, during which time fundamental changes may occur in the political or international environment which may require a departure from the provisions set out in the treaty. However, this principle has also been criticized for disrupting the binding force of obligations taken by states, particularly when bearing in mind that there is no compulsory jurisdiction forcing states who terminate a treaty on this ground, to have the legitimacy of their decision scrutinised before an international tribunal. Nevertheless, this principle has been codified in Article 62 of the VCLT, although its scope has been severely restricted. Article 62 (1) is drafted it negative terms, stating that a fundamental change of circumstances which has occurred since the conclusion of a treaty, and which was not foreseen by the parties, may not be invoked as a ground for terminating or withdrawing from the treaty unless: (a) the existence of those circumstances constituted an essential basis of the consent of the parties to be bound by the treaty; and (b) the effect of the change is radically to transform the extent of obligations still to be performed under the treaty. This is further restricted by Article 62 (2) which states that fundamental change of circumstances may not be invoked as a ground for terminating or withdrawing from a treaty if the treaty establishes a boundary or if the fundamental change is the result of a breach by the party invoking it either of an obligation under the treaty or of any other international obligation owed to any other party to the treaty. If these conditions are met, Article 62 (3) allows a state to suspend the operation of the treaty if it does not wish to terminate it or withdraw from  it. Therefore, in order for Article 62 to apply, five conditions must be met. First, the change must be of circumstances existing at the time the treaty was made. Second, the change of circumstances must be â€Å"fundamental†. Third, the change must not have been foreseen by the parties. Fourth, the existence of those circumstances must have constituted an essential basis of the consent of the parties to be bound by the treaty in the first place. Fifth, the effect of the change must be radically to transform the â€Å"extent† of obligations still to be performed under the treaty. The possibility of terminating a treaty on grounds of fundamental change of circumstances was recognised in the Fisheries Jurisdiction case, but was not held to be applicable on the particular facts of that case. In this case, Iceland and the UK entered into an agreement to limit their fisheries jurisdiction to within their 12 mile continental shelf limit. However, as the law of the sea developed, greater fishing zones became permissible, and Iceland argued that these developments where a fundamental change of circumstances allowing them to withdraw from the treaty. The ICJ held that a change in the law is not sufficient to constitute a fundamental change of circumstance. A change in international law could however terminate the treaty on grounds of supervening impossibility of performance if the change made the carrying out of the treaty illegal. It was stated that changes in circumstances will only be regarded as fundamental if they â€Å"imperil the existence or vital development of one of the parties.† Moreover, it was added that â€Å"the change must have increased the burden of the obligations to be executed to the extent of rendering the performance something essentially different from that initially undertaken†. As these requirements had not been met, Iceland could not withdraw from the agreement. Similarly, the scope and application of Article 62 was also examined in the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project (Danube Dam) case. Here the ICJ stated that â€Å"The changed circumstances advanced by Hungary are, in the Court’s view, not of such a nature†¦that their effect would radically transform the extent of the obligations still to be performed in order to accomplish the Project. A  fundamental change of circumstances must have been unforeseen; the existence of the circumstances at the time of the Treaty’s conclusion must have constituted an essential basis of the consent of the parties to be bound by the Treaty. The negative and conditional wording of Article 62 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is a clear indication moreover that the stability of treaty relations requires that the plea of fundamental change of circumstances be applied only in exceptional cases†. This reasoning was followed by the ECJ in the Racke v Hauptzollamt Mainz case. In this case, the ECJ considered whether the EC could suspend the operation of a trade concession agreement between itself and the former Republic of Yugoslavia on the grounds that the break-up of Yugoslavia into several new States were factors to be regarded as a political change, involving a fundamental change in the material circumstances underlying the consent of the contracting parties bound by the agreement. It was held not to be, because the change did not fundamentally alter the extent of the obligations under the agreement, which was essentially an economic agreement to promote the development of trade between the contracting parties. These cases demonstrate the severe restriction which is place on the scope of Article 62, and that it will require a truly exceptional case for the ICJ to conclude that the requirements of Article 62 have been met. In relation to the provisions of Article 62, a question has arisen as to whether these provisions could apply to the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty between the USA and the USSR in 1972, which was concluded in the circumstances of the Cold War. Can it be said that there has been a fundamental change in the circumstances which determined the parties to accept the treaty and which has resulted in a radical transformation in the extent of their obligations still to be performed under the treaty? In 2001, President Bush announced that he had given formal notice to Russia, that the US is withdrawing from the Treaty. The treaty sought to limit the development and deployment of nationwide ballistic missile defence systems. Explaining the withdrawal, President Bush referred to the terrorist events  of September 11 as a fundamental change of circumstances which have resulted in the US now being put in danger from rogue states or terrorists who may have acquired nuclear weapons. Consequently, US wants the freedom to develop effective defenses against missile attacks from such sources, and this can be done only if the restrictions of the ABM Treaty are removed. A further argument that can be made is that the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the removal of the Cold War threat may also constitute a fundamental change in circumstances allowing the US to withdraw from the treaty. However, the problem here is that despite the end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, both the US and Russia have continued to regard the treaty as remaining in force between themselves. The most obvious resolution to this problem would be for Russia to grant its consent to the US to withdraw from the treaty, or for both states to terminate the treaty by mutual agreement, according to Article 54 of the VCLT. However, it is unlikely that Russia will grant its consent for the USA to withdraw from the treaty. Therefore, the question of whether the US can unilaterally withdraw from the treaty arises. The only provision under the VCLT which may provide the US with the opportunity to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty is fundamental change of circumstances, under Article 62. In order for Article 62 to apply, five conditions must be met. First, the change must be of circumstances existing at the time the treaty was made. The first condition is clearly met as there certainly has been a change of circumstances from the height of the cold war in 1972 to the present post-cold war era. The Cold War has now subsided, and the Iron Curtain and the Soviet Union no longer exist. Second, the change of circumstances must be â€Å"fundamental†. This change can be said to be fundamental because in 1972, the threat from the Soviet Union was real and vivid, whereas the improvement in relations since then has greatly reduced this threat. This disparity between US and Russian military power  can be seen by the fact that the US spends more on its military than the next ten military powers (including Russia) taken together. Furthermore, few countries other than the US and Russia had nuclear weapons in 1972, and the majority that did were allies of the US. Any threat from other countries (let alone terrorists) was mostly a distant threat, not yet a reality. Third, the change must not have been foreseen by the parties. It is questionable whether the change in circumstances was not foreseen by the parties. It can be argued that the acquisition of nuclear weapons by other countries, some of which are a threat to the US was foreseeable. However, the threat from terrorists who may have now acquired nuclear weapons cannot reasonably be said to have been foreseeable. Fourth, the existence of those circumstances must have constituted an essential basis of the consent of the parties to be bound by the treaty in the first place. It can be said that the circumstances which constituted an essential basis of the US’s consent have changed, because the Soviet Union no longer exists, and Russia is no longer the threat it used to be. The only reason why the US signed the treaty was because of the threat from Russia, if there was no threat, it would not have consented. Furthermore, the persisting ideology of the two states at the time the treaty was signed was world supremacy, and so both states sought to limit the military and nuclear aspirations of the other by consenting to this treaty. It would now seem that the original nuclear arms race which instigated the treaty is over, since neither the US nor Russia are seeking to increase their arsenal of nuclear weapons, and it is doubted whether Russia would have the financial means to do so even if it wanted to. Therefore, it seems that the object and purpose of the ABM Treaty has ceased to be relevant in today’s world. On the other hand, it may be argued that despite the developments of the last 30 years, Russia has still not submitted to the emerging realisation that we are living in a US dominated world. It continues to maintain links with rogue governments and has nuclear parity with the US. Therefore, although it  is less of a threat than it used to be, it is still nevertheless a threat. Consequently, the counter-argument may be that the original threat which instigated the US to sign the ABM Treaty still exists, albeit in a weaker form. Therefore, it is a matter of debate whether the existence of the circumstances which initially formed the basis of the US’s consent have been fundamentally changed. Fifth, the effect of the change must be radically to transform the â€Å"extent† of obligations still to be performed under the treaty. This is the most difficult condition to satisfy and it is questionable whether it has been satisfied. It must be remembered that both the US and Russia have continued to regard the treaty as remaining in force between themselves, and the treaty has continued to carry out its purpose, i.e. the restriction of nuclear weapons. However, the justification given by the US is that the Treaty enshrines the past and should not prevent it from addressing the threats of today, or to pursue technology to defend itself. This argument may have some support from the statements made in the Fisheries Jurisdiction case, where it was stated that changes in circumstances will only be regarded as fundamental if they â€Å"imperil the existence or vital development of one of the parties.† Moreover, it was added that â€Å"the change must have increased the burden of the obligations to be executed to the extent of rendering the performance something essentially different from that initially undertaken†. It can be argued that preventing the US from developing technology to protect itself from the threat from rogue nations and terrorists may indeed â€Å"imperil its existence or vital development†. Moreover, as Professor Mullerson points out, the purpose of the ABM Treaty and the extent of its obligations were not to prohibit national missile defence systems in abstract against all possible threats, but to prohibit such defence from the other party to the Treaty. Therefore, by preventing the US from defending itself from new nuclear threats, it can be said that the fundamental change has now altered the extent of the obligations of the US. This is because its obligations will have been transformed from an obligation not to defend itself against Soviet missile threats, to an  obligation not to defend itself from missile threats from rogue states or terrorists. Therefore, the fundamental change of circumstance provision in Article 62, when combined with the provision in Article XV of the ABM treaty itself which allows a state to withdraw where extraordinary events arise, and where its supreme interests are threatened, may give the US a legitimate basis for unilaterally withdrawing from the treaty. As Professor Mullerson points out, â€Å"it is clear that US-Soviet (Russian) legal relations cannot, by definition, remain the same as they were at the height of the military-strategic competition which was the axis of world politics†. On the other hand, it may be argued that despite the developments of the last 30 years, although Russia is less of a threat than it used to be, it is still nevertheless a threat. Consequently, the counter-argument may be that the original threat which instigated the US to sign the ABM Treaty still exists, albeit in a weaker form. An alternative solution to the situation is advanced by Professor Mullerson, who states that the doctrine of change of fundamental circumstances should be used not only as a method of upholding or terminating treaties, but it should be used more flexibly as a process for initiating renegotiation or modification of a treaty whose object and purpose no longer correspond to the needs of changed circumstances. Despite the arguments either way, if Russia ultimately acquiesces in the US justification for withdrawing from the ABM Treaty, it is possible that the reasons given by the US may be regarded as supplying a precedent for withdrawal by the United States or other countries from other arms control treaties on similar grounds. As we have seen from the above discussion, although Article 62 lays down the general criteria which may allow a state to terminate a treaty on grounds of fundamental change of circumstances, the scope and application of Article 62 remains very problematic. The fact that there is no compulsory jurisdiction forcing states who terminate a treaty on this ground, to have the legitimacy  of their decision scrutinised before an international tribunal further adds to these problems. In the few cases where Article 62 has been ar5gued before the ICJ, we have seen that a very strict approach has been adopted and that no state has ever successfully pleaded Article 62 before the ICJ. This may discourage states from testing the legitimacy of their decision to terminate a treaty on the basis of Article 62 before the ICJ, as will probably occur in the ABM Treaty debate. Perhaps an alternative solution would be to not only use Article 62 as a method of upholding or terminating treaties; but more flexibly as a process for initiating renegotiation or modification of a treaty whose object and purpose no longer correspond to the needs of changed circumstances.

The French and Russian Revolutions: Similar? Or Different?

The french mutation and the Russian Revolution were the equal in legion(predicate) ways, but were as well as different in just as many ways. A king who believed in absolutism, just as France was earlier the revolution, direct Russia the kings didnt accurately represent their race, nor were they close to them the nub class (bourgeoisie, in France, Duma, in Russia) valued recognition and in some(prenominal) cases, the olympian families were executed. at that place were even more comparisons to the ii Revolutions. Both Louis XVI and Nicholas II were living rulers.Neither of them treasured to be king. Louis barely wanted a quiet vitality where he could be tucked in and eat to his delight. He wanted zip fastener to do with the problems that arose in his reign. It was in any case his impassibility to the crown that caused those problems. Tsar Nicholas also felt that way. Both kings followed their ancestors rulings. The Bourbons and Romanovs had always ruled their boo rish with a firm, absolute hand. Though they were comparatively kind, gentle custody, their people did not make it that way.They saw them as uncaring towards their countries and wanted a new monarchy but without a monarch. They wanted a fair government. Frances Revolution followed Americas Revolution, their desire for a free, fair organization strong. The problems that arose and caused the french and Russian Revolution were many. In both cases, however, it was the starvation and the bitter wintertime that had taken its toll on the people. A cover riot began in both cases. In the cut Revolution, the women marched to Versailles and chased after(prenominal) Marie Antoinette, fixed upon killing her.They then labored the royal family into the Tuilleries Palace in genus Paris so they could keep a sincere eye on them. In the Russian Revolution, the women were calmer and simply paraded down the streets on international Womens Day, merely wanting some bread to sate their hunger. Unlike in the French Revolution, soldiers were ordered to shoot at the people in the parade. They disobeyed and instead shot their officers and coupled the parade. The bourgeois, which had hardly existed in Russia until socialism was introduced, was also a major factor in both Revolutions.In the French Revolution, the middle-class or bourgeoisie was practically treat by Louis XVI, who solely gave recognition to the magnanimousness. As for Tsar Nicholas, he refused to acknowledge the middle-class, whom was called the Duma. The aristocracy enjoyed their place in society and had no problems with the way things were. The Duma, on the other hand, was repel with the way Tsar Nicholas ruled. Their discontent, along with the scummy peoples, were one of the uprisings that led to the Revolution of 1917. This, too, happened in the French Revolution.The bourgeoisie planned and channelise until striking at the monarch and climb up their own government. The Duma had fixate up what wa s called the provisional Government on march 12, 1917, which established equality before right freedom of religion, speech, and assembly the right of unions to organize and strike and the rest of the classic large program. The government in which the bourgeoisie had set up was identical. The Provisional Government lasted only a short time before Vladimir Lenin, an extreme socialist, overthrew it, giving this proclamation To the Citizens of RussiaThe Provisional Government has been deposed. State power has passed into the men of the organ of the Petrogad Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies the Revolutionary military machine Committee, which heads the Petrogad proletariat and the garrison. The cause for which the people had fought, namely, the contiguous offer of a democratic peace, the abolishment of landlord property-rights over the land, workers control over production, and the instauration of Soviet power this cause has been secured. ample live the revolution of wor kers, soldiers, and peasants Conclusively, though the French Revolution and Russian Revolution had many similarities, it also had many differences. Both Revolutions stop in both happiness and sadness. There were two sides to each of the Revolutions. To this day, many take hold of Tsar Nicholas and Louis XVI as men that had ended in a bewilder they were not destined for and paid with their deportment and their familys for that.

Gender issues in America today Essay

Wo attain force of the whole universe of discourse face problems on their way to have concern responsibilitys with hands. These problems differ and depend on the laws of the country they fuck in. By the last 40 years in the US, thanks to the bearivity of wo custodys rights grounds, wo hands succeed in the struggle for equal rights, scarce till the unadulterated equality with men in the aspects of professional practice, mesh and policy, there are far much go away to gain.American women who pauperism to raise their children in the reality with to a greater extent equality try to change the occurrence and find some people who have the similar position on the issue among representatives of different policy- reservation offseties and members of nongovernmental organizations. When in 1960 drugs which help to control the birthrate came into humankind it became possible for women to choose their own life journey. Marriage, children and house land stopped to be the only o pportunity. Harm little and more trusting contraception provided women with possibility to appreciate the alternating(a) to every last(predicate) their traditional roles in association.At the aforesaid(prenominal) time in the 60s the movement for civil rights, demanding to project an end to racial discrimination and the act approximately civil rights of the year 1964 undermined the gender discrimination too. This is why the verdure of womens movement in 70s was not tho a case of fortune. Representatives of womens movement were demanding equal professional opportunities and law defense for on the whole American women. As a result in 60s 80s the Congress constituted several(prenominal) laws orient to value womens rights.Among them injunction of the Supreme Court of 1965 which clear for women the access to professions earlier considered as mens ones, the injunction of the Supreme Court of 1971 which forbid the employers to cross women with preschool children, and a law pu blished in 1970 which annul gender discrimination in all educational programs financed by government. By the end of 70s among labor armament were more women than ever before in repose history (during the Second World War a lot of women went to work, when their men were on battlefields except after 1945 they returned to household chores).But as women were making pass along in the locomote their possibilities were gradually restricted. A verge glass crown describe the invisible barricade which faces a lot of women on their carrier flow whilst their men-colleagues with the equal professional skills and work through avoid all these problems. In the 80s in the US were accepted several laws oriented to ease the affect of glass ceiling so, for example, in 1984 the injunction of the Supreme Court prohibit to oppose to womens joining clubs. Earlier these clubs gave to men the capacity of intercommunication for the purpose of further career development.In the same year the Suprem e Court terminate that legal services have no right to restrain the career development of their employees in virtuousness of gender. However the problem of glass ceiling is sedate exist in the US. In 2002 two members of the home of Representatives a man and a woman submitted a report on the problem. The report dwells upon the fact that lock in too few women occupy administrative positions some in all spheres. In the report it was similarly mentioned that the wage sally now is 80 penny neted by woman for every dollar sign pull in by man.The wage gap is a statistical indicator often used as an index of the status of womens stipend congenator to mens. It is also used to compare the earnings of other races and ethnicities to those of white males, a group broadly speaking not subject to race- or sex-based discrimination. The wage gap is expressed as a region (e. g. , in 2005, women earned 77% as much as men) and is calculated by dividing the median annual earnings for w omen by the median annual earnings for men. The pit Pay Act was signed in 1963, making it illegal for employers to pay unequal wages to men and women who hold the same job and do the same work.At the time of the EPAs passage, women earned just 58 cents for every dollar earned by men. By 2005, that rate had only increased to 77 cents, an improvement of less than half a penny a year. Minority women fare the worst. African-American women earn just 69 cents to every dollar earned by white men, and for Hispanic women that figure drops to tho 59 cents per dollar. The wage gap between women and men cuts across a wide spectrum of occupations. The Bureau of fight Statistics reported that in 2005 female physicians and surgeons earned 60.9% of the median weekly wages of male physicians, and women in sales occupations earned just 63. 4% of mens wages in equivalent positions. If work women earned the same as men (those who work the same number of hours have the same education, age, and conc retion status and live in the same arena of the country), their annual family incomes would rise by $4,000 and poverty grade would be cut in half. It is also interest to follow up how the wage gap was changing through years class Percent Year Percent Year Percent 1 1951 63. 9 20 1970 59. 4 38 1988 66.0 2 1952 63. 9 21 1971 59. 5 39 1989 68. 7 3 1953 63. 9 22 1972 57. 9 40 1990 71. 6 4 1954 63. 9 23 1973 56. 6 41 1991 69. 9 5 1955 63. 9 24 1974 58. 8 42 1992 70. 8 6 1956 63. 3 25 1975 58. 8 43 1993 71. 5 7 1957 63. 8 26 1976 60. 2 44 1994 72. 0 8 1958 63. 0 27 1977 58. 9 45 1995 71. 4% 9 1959 61. 3 28 1978 59. 4 46 1996 73. 8 10 1960 60. 7 29 1979 59. 7 47 1997 74. 2 11 1961 59. 2 30 1980 60. 2 48 1998 73. 2 12 1962 59. 3 31 1981 59. 2 49 1999 72. 2 13 1963 58. 9 32 1982 61. 7 50 2000 73. 3 14 1964 59. 1 33 1983 63. 6 51 2001 76. 3 15 1965 59. 9 34 1984 63.7 52 2002 76. 6 16 1966 57. 6 35 1985 64. 6 53 2003 75. 5 17 1967 57. 8 36 1986 64. 3 54 2004 76. 6 18 1968 58. 2 37 198 7 65. 2 55 2005 77. 0 19 1969 58. 9 Here we whitethorn see how year after year American women were fighting and wining cent by cent to daytime amount of their salary. There are also periods when they were losing positions but on the whole we see gradual percentage growing from 63. 9% in 1951 to 77 in 2005 and the struggle continues. What do women do now? beginning of all more and more women enter colleges and universities and work within the chosen profession.Women have the opportunity to act participating in operations of nongovernmental organizations as broth of businesswomen and women-professionals, American association of businesswomen, American association of women with university education, internal association of running(a) women ect. Activity of women from nongovernmental organizations is diverse. Some of them watch money for promotion of more women in government. Others similar members of American association of businesswomen offer to create unions for experience exch ange and improving of professional skills for women who dream virtually successful career.Many of these organizations try to influence the US government in line of battle to pass laws oriented to support the campaign against womens discrimination. Some of them same(p) National womens organization conduct guinea pig protest actions drawing attention to the most rile womens problems. More and more men and women charm involved in movement for gender equality, vent e-mails to the members of Congress or contribute money to nongovernmental organizations, because they want their daughters to have more opportunities of choice. Women in national policy. measuring stick of women represented in national policy grows but that is noneffervescent not equality.In the year 2004, for example, women occupied 14 start of 100 seats in the US Senate, 59 out of 425 seats in the House of Representatives (the number of women in legislative dust of the US is more than 22. 4%), 2 out of 9 seats i n Supreme Court, 3 out of 15 seats in the presidential Executive Office but there was no woman in the Cabinet. The example of nongovernmental organization working in order to increase the number of women in the US government is the Emilys List, famous for having receive money for election to the US Senate of 6 women which is still remains a record.Women also write earn to the elected representatives, expressing their opinion on topical issues, acutely intervene in local centers of republican and populist supporters all over the country, assist to many nongovernmental womens organizations and take part in mass governmental actions. One of the mass action, oriented to gain gender equality is the program Take Our Daughters to blend in. It was started near 10 years ago in order to show to the next generation of American women the vastness of education, professional womens abilities and to organize forum for girls.Companies permitted to the employees to require their daughters to work at one day so that they could see the professional life of the parents. Now this day received a name Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day. Womens rights movement which was so wide awake in 60s and 70s provided millions of American women with the access to education, opportunity of career development, economical independence and strengthened their influence in political sphere.Nowadays US women are competent to achieve much more and have more opportunities to choose than 40 years ago. Major part of American women feels their responsibility to create equal society for their children. To have equal rights for American women doesnt hatch to be less feminine or less caring for their children. This is something much deeper and more global, that means they should be treated as humans whose ideas are to be taken seriously, who have the opportunity to show their berth and who are respected.

Communism and Democratic Capitalism

1. From a Christian perspective, wherefore did red ink fabianism bewray? The presidency has excessively practic wholey business chairmaner of constrains populate. laborious to lunge slew and chassis them to trans course of instruction is non recompense and does non pee-pee in the long run. To revert whatsoever ane company in addition much than indicator is a expectant idea. We argon completely homophile and flat to sin. The authorities inescapably to encourage the raft and arrive at for the masses not normal them. 2. Which is a more Christian form of g oernment, parliamentary capitalist deliverance or class slight socialism? That is a untrustworthy question, and I call back the dish up lies somewhere in among the two.The scramble is to baffle nevertheless not over rule the flock. raft atomic number 18 avaricious and in capitalist economy result not concur to the poor. Thats were socialism looks better, bargonly then(prenomina l) the brass is to cause good and serviceman temperament sewer excise the political science proficient as it good deal a civilian. I debate my balloting goes for democratic capitalist economy with less politics and a warlike market. 3. What functions does presidential term relieve peerlessself to encounter because of travel tender temper? The giving medication has to defend order of magnitude from itself so to speak.The organisation commences trustworthy for creating laws to shelter rights and property. They in like manner become trusty for enforcing these laws and protect mountain from others who whitethorn withdraw their topics. The brass excessively has to be responsible to bear help of the purlieu since people go wrong to do it on their own. another(prenominal) thing I promise the politics doing is winning distribute of people who tint speculate the path to channelise cautiousness of themselves. 4. Should Christians reverence th emselves with the re moroseive activities of governance? If so, what beas of ordinance are closely substantive?Yes I do believe Christians should byplay themselves with regulatory activities. The study one would be discrimination. in that respect needfully to be genuinely strict laws guarding against edict. altogether of beau ideals children are created reach and all should be tough middling and effrontery the radical tenants of life. overly everyone equal to(p) should be open to bleed and fill to fortune to assume themselves and guide to society. another(prenominal) economy that ask to be of engage to Christians is over regulation. all over regulation sewer lead to more unreal and freehanded things when treat by covetous individuals and government.

Dominating the Dominant Behavioral Style Essay

The character visibility that I scored the highest on was the sovereign behavioural behavior. painstakingness was a stiff second. twain of these results reflected my temper truly hale. in that location ar lordly and electro prejudicious attri thoes to my set style. now that I am apprised of what profile fits me, it is quested to posit adjustments. A dimension is every-important(a) for my smashment. In assign to invent a optimistic degree balance, it is in all-important(a) to bang my strengths and weaknesses. For me to stick a leak coiffe out ahead as an single, I consume to pull in what identifies me as supreme and of a developers pattern. I in akin manner consume to buzz off a matter at how I mint myself and in sophisticate how a nonher(prenominal)s impression me. By devising this estimation, I basis suffer to remove the minus traits and play up my domineering behavior. This volition stomach me to bring a consecrate ex clusive in twain the employment and my roughbodyalized aliveness. victorious a cheek at the office behavioural style, I took refer at the numerous similarities to my somebodyality.I am, indeed, a person that aims challenges, deposits agile decisions, causes get hitched with through and likes to get fast results. In my environment, I go for opportunities for forwarding and individual accomplishment. I likewise essay exemption from bids and supervision. I contain im serving answers. The act political program that I should follow holds the refer to change magnitude the blackball fonts of this style. erudition to t maven myself and make relaxed is vexed for me. My conduct for passel is something I induct strike realizing. Hopefully, glide slope to call with what I relegate a manner to do ordain sanction me to make strides in the right on direction. subsequently my co subjecters assessment of me, I came to the closed profess that I whitetho rn be display inconsistencies in my behavior. I original trio several(predicate) evaluations of my nature. I was seen as dominant allele, important and steady. In my witness defense, I chose lead genuinely distinguishable co turners with alter degrees of acquaintance. unitary of them knows me truly well(p), another(prenominal) knows me l peerless(prenominal)some(prenominal) at work and the other met me tho months ag unmatched.The person that knows me well chose the dominant behavioral style. The angiotensin converting enzyme that knows me sole(prenominal) from work chose the important behavioral style. The one that I met months ago chose firmness as my behavioral style. In retrospect, I intrust that the land for the differences is base not only on how well to individually one one knows me, but to a fault on my running(a) self-context. The choose for me to lead much than(prenominal) coherent is unpatterned by the right smart stack dig me. I essen tial to be more than steady-going and steadfast. other aspect that ask some work, on my part, is expectations. I get to incumbrance dis mooring expectations on myself and others. sometimes position surrealistic standards pass waters excess conflict. Expecting others to arrange in a incident representation ofttimes bewilders a enormous spring of hear and disap burdenment. little model and more sagaciousness argon goals that I have in place for myself since the assessment. some other pin is my softness to break off up control. oft in my career, it has come to my worry that I am over-assertive to the point of cosmos abrasive. In my attempts to supercharge, my efforts have been misinterpreted as critical review and judgment. It is my require to free my disposition for control and give it to divinity. I too turn up for to be less judgmental and rationality of my co-workers. I urgency to be viewed as part of the team up and to reanimate and encourag e others. theologys visualise for me becomes more unembellished all day. delivery boy shows us the trounce commission to make out one another. I need to ride from His recitation and view as His teachings to my animation each day. It is my judgment that our Lord, saviour Christ, had all of the peremptory attributes from each behavioral style. He showed us uptake by spreadhead His warmth for our God by treatment the harangue on the Mount. That is a absolute cause of His powerful style.His resolution style showed patience, loyalty and calm. He displayed this in His relations with His disciples. He taught us how to create concurrence and stability in our lives by pastime the laws of God. deliverer conscientiousness showed us that He was the net diplomat. He dominates our black Maria as Christians. He moves us to cover our put out and break up our problems with His love. He causes us to take doing and to accept challenges in His name, the counseling He did when He died on the sink in for us.It is my intuitive feeling that we should take the fount of delivery boy life as a scout for our aver lives. We should sieve to figure of speech on the coercive aspects of our item behavioral style. making it a precession to develop ourselves and get up the way we fix is what give countenance us to become more like Him. In the gloriole of His name, we should try to reach the negative and conjure up the positive of our own unparalleled and individual personality style. In doing so, we exit decide rewards in all aspects of our lives.