Effects of Sarbanes †Oxley Act Essay Sample free essay sample

With the section of Sarbanes †Oxley Act in 2002. enterprises including remote companies and the outer listeners have to a great extent been influenced and troubled with newly discovered obligations under the demonstration. Organizations are currently answerable for a figure of inclusion and liberation obligations ; while listeners need to assume additional obligations of rating of inward control frameworks among others obligations and sort out a feeling keeping up their independency unblemished. In this review it has been attempted to pass on forward the existent impacts of Sarbanes-Oxley follow up on these to a great extent influenced parties. viz. organizations. outer listeners and outside organizations. ‘The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 ( S-OX ) . gone in response to amazingly exposed corporate soils. requires high degrees of answerability from organizations and their senior officials to check the strategies. technique and processs behind each company’s financial examinations. what's more, every worry operations’ ( Craiq Rhinehart )1 Sarbanes Oxley Act is pulled in to all organizations. regardless of whether little or large in the event that they Further there are sure explicit commissariats that are pertinent only to recorded organizations. We will compose a custom exposition test on Impacts of Sarbanes †Oxley Act Essay Sample or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The significant issues that are controlled under the demonstration and effect the organizations straight are talked about and point by point as under: â€Å"The SEC guidelines necessitate that an organization documents an investigation yearly on its inner control frameworks and such examination contains the undermentioned segment: CEO and CFO need to take a group of obligation into the working of the organization. They should region that non only they read the monetary explanations yet adjacent to investigated the explanations that are non misleading. The essential point of SOX is to increase investors’ affirmation with impossible to miss notice to monetary articulations introduced by the companies. So as to instill such confirmation. a natural structure called ‘Public Companies Accounting Oversight Board’ ( PCAOB ) has been set up under the demonstration. to oversee the financial explanation review of publically exchanged organizations. The idea is to set up high reviewing standards in the state. The major stairss and mandates under SOX through PCAOB in this regard are portrayed and talked about as under: Accounting. planning and execution of monetary data frameworks. appraisal or rating administrations. inward reviewing. actuarial maps. contributing counselor or protections firm maps. legitimate or master administrations non identified with reviews. furthermore, some other administrations banned by the board. Truth be told outer listeners are now non permitted by the expert natural structures from executing such administrations for the review customers ; and such stubborn orders of the board is an endeavor to set thorough command over the exercises of outside listeners. The idea is to do listeners free actually and in visual perspective. Sarbanes Oxley has put the proficiency and effectivity of examining instruments to an existent preliminary. The full reviewing method of making a decision about the viability interior control requires a total examination and fix so as to sort out a valid and only conclusion on the issues raised under Sox. Donald K. MacConnell Jr. what's more, Georgey Y. Banks4in their article ‘The Sarbanes-Oxley will change the review process’ area that â€Å"internal control liberation commissariats force significant obligations both on bearing and listeners. The previous will hold to take responsibility for methodology of setting. recording and estimating significant controls. each piece great as discovering which areas or concern units to gauge. For listeners. providing an assessment on the effectivity of an entity’s inner controls is a significant fight. † Further the article proposes that â€Å"In making the investigation the listener must be after the fight to For remote organizations recorded in the US the first day of the period of enrolling the similarity of July 15Thursday2005 was stretched out to July 15Thursday2006 essentially in light of the fact that congruities for Sarbanes Oxley required clearing construction of the frameworks all through US. This was non simply cut eating up however a sort of awakening require those outside organizations that are non used to such thorough congruities. Congruity a beyond all doubt won issue For remote organizations similarity with the commissariats of Sarbanes Oxley Act is a truly won issue. â€Å"Financial ; bearing consultancy Parson Consulting gauges that following with Sarbanes Oxley would be the 70 British headquartered concerns remembered for their examination an entirety of $ 860 million. Another investigation of corporate board individuals led by official chase house Korn/Ferry International gauges that following would be the US organizations reviewed a standard of $ 5. 1 million. † ( Beth Carney )3Seriously after with Sarbanes Oxley is a sincerely won individual businesss for remote organizations. Departure of Foreign organizations The quick response of Sarbanes Oxley similarities on remote organizations is that those organizations do non mean remain recorded in Unites States. There is a sort of hegira of outside organizations. For a long clasp remote organizations would go to the United States for the distinction of being recorded and of having the option to guarantee that they had the option to run into the most elevated disclosure measure known to mankind. Be that as it may, presently similarities like Sarbanes Oxley have put interferences to such postings as those organizations do non intend to open their ineptitudes to run into the beyond a reasonable doubt won congruities and face the threat of gaining delisted. Strife with other countries’ guidelines and mandates CEOs are required to vouch. to a degree. for reality of financial proclamations. Remote organizations locate no such utilization in their states. Organizations in different states put an explanation that as US Torahs have lost religion in bookkeeping calling. they are go throughing the vaulting pony to CEOs to reconfirm reality of monetary articulations. This is genuinely unsatisfactory to them as it is non essential that all CEOs are bookkeeping specialists themselves. This is basically a moving of obligations. What will go on in the event that US Torahs begin fring religion in CEOs after some mishappening like Enron. Remote organizations find sox commissariats sensibly unfit to keep up on working in US. Issues with crucial law of review commission There is no portrayals of workers in the review commissions. also, arrangement of review commission entirely fruitless representatives of organization. Financial explanations are the outcomes of executings of management’s orders to representatives. who truly perform to achieve the results. Shockingly such an of import bunch does non happen a topographic point in review commission. Outside organizations feel that such a demonstration is non popularity based and their dorsum place parts decrease to be segment such undemocratic arrangement of review commissions. Notices 1Craiq Rhinehart. Email Management and Sarbanes Oxley Compliance. Sarbanes-Oxley Compliance Journal. June 8. 2006. hypertext move convention:/www. sox. com/highlight/article. cfm? articleID=913 2Michael Ramos. Segment 404 similarity in the Annual Report. Diary of Accountancy on the web. October 2004. hypertext move convention:/www. aicpa. organization/bars/jofa/oct2004/ramos. htm 3Beth Carney. Remote Outfits regret Sarbanes-Oxley. Business Week. December 2004. hypertext move convention:/www. businessweek. com/bwdaily/dnflash/dec2004/nf20041215_9306_db016. htm 4Donald K. MacConnell r. what's more, Georgey Y. Banks. How Sarbanes-Oxley will change the review system. Diary of Accountancy on the web. September 2003. hypertext move convention:/www. aicpa. organization/bars/jofa/sep2003/mcconn. htm

Open Source Alternatives for Small Business Research Paper

Open Source Alternatives for Small Business - Research Paper Example This examination will start with the explanation that in the previous hardly any years, open source innovation has risen as an extremely appealing pattern which has grabbed the eye of an enormous number of programming designers and associations. Fundamentally, open source programming applications permit individuals to get to the code of utilizations transparently. Truth be told, they can make changes and update the product item. The standard imagined in the application advancement industry in the late 90s, with various arrivals of open source items and working frameworks, and it has while unobtrusive into different social orders too. Furthermore, there are various amazing contentions expected for discharging anything in an open source position, regardless of whether it is a computerized recording, a total working framework (OS) or a product instrument. One of the fundamental purposes for the reception of this pattern is that this method of programming improvement and items permits en d clients to transparently get a diagram of the source code. So they could make changes to it so as to coordinate it with their necessities. In this situation, it gives certainty for consistent development and innovation, as besides constructing a network of shared information and data. What's more, various organizations those create open source frameworks rely upon innovations of customers to expand attributes just as to perceive and fix conceivable weak focuses, and these organizations eagerly give certainty for changing their innovation based items. based items (Smith, 2013; Wu, Gerlach, and Young, 2011; Gurbani, Garvert, and Herbsleb, 2005). Likewise, most of individuals consider that a wide range of open source programming applications and projects are gratis. This isn't, really, the circumstance. Various organizations fabricate open application that requires individuals to dispense for them, with the charges supporting improvement of imaginative items and additional qualities. It is too broad to watch shared source licenses on items, individuals pay for. For instance, Apple Computer, discharges some of its innovation through help of open licenses (Smith, 2013; Wu, Gerlach, and Young, 2011; Gurbani, Garvert, and Herbsleb, 2005). This paper presents a nitty gritty investigation of an open source working framework ‘Ubuntu’. In this situation, this examination covers various viewpoints related with this working framework. 2. Ubuntu The Ubuntu is an Operating framework that takes a shot at the Linux stage which is quickly picking up fame and is the decision of many, who need a substitute for Windows. Most of individuals need proficient and affordable approaches to connect carefully through the variety of contemporary applications

Alfred Adler Biography Career and Life

Alfred Adler Biography Career and Life February 22, 2020 Public Domain Library of Famous Psychologists, Sonoma University More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Alfred Adler was an Austrian physician and psychiatrist who is best-known for forming the school of thought known as individual psychology. He is also remembered for his concepts of the inferiority feeling and inferiority complex, which he believed played a major part in the formation of personality. Alder was initially a colleague of Sigmund Freud, helped establish psychoanalysis, and was a founding member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. Adlers theory focused on looking at the individual as a whole, which is why he referred to his approach as individual psychology. Adler eventually split from Freuds psychoanalytic circle, but he went on to have a tremendous impact on the development of psychotherapy. He also had an important influence on many other great thinkers including Abraham Maslow and Albert Ellis.?? Best Known For Individual psychologyThe concept of the inferiority complexPresident of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, 1910 Birth and Death Alfred Adler was born February 7, 1870. He died May 28, 1937. Early Life Alfred Adler was born in Vienna, Austria. He suffered rickets as a young child, which prevented him from walking until after the age of 2, and he got pneumonia at the age of four. Due to his health problems as a child, Adler decided he would become a physician and, after graduating from the University of Vienna in 1895 with a medical degree, began his career as an ophthalmologist and later switched to general practice. Career and Later Life Alder soon turned his interests toward the field of psychiatry. In 1902,  Sigmund Freud invited him to join a psychoanalytic discussion group. This group met each Wednesday in Freuds home and would eventually grow to become the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. After serving as President of the group for a time, Adler left in part because of his  disagreements with some of Freuds theories. While Adler had played a key role in the development of psychoanalysis, he was also one of the first major figures to break away to form his own school of thought. He was quick to point out that while he had been a colleague of Freuds, he was in no way a disciple of the famous Austrian psychoanalyst.?? In 1912, Alfred Adler founded the Society of Individual Psychology. Adlers theory suggested that every person has a sense of inferiority. From childhood, people work toward overcoming this inferiority by striving for superiority, and Adler believed that this drive was the motivating force behind human behaviors, emotions, and thoughts. He explained that some individuals will focus on collaboration and contributions to society while others will try to exert power over others. While Adler had converted to Christianity,?? his Jewish heritage led to the Nazis closing down his clinics during the 1930s. As a result, Adler emigrated to the United States to take a professor position at the Long Island College of Medicine. In 1937, Adler went on a lecture tour and suffered a fatal heart attack in Aberdeen, Scotland. His family lost track of his cremated remains shortly after his death and the ashes were presumed lost before being discovered in 2007 at a crematorium in Edinburgh, Scotland. In 2011, 74 years after his death, Adlers ashes were returned to Vienna, Austria. In an interview with The Guardian, his granddaughter explained, Vienna was essentially Adlers home, his birth home and there was the triangle, you know, Adler, Jung and Freud, and all had that sense of coming out of that place, so theres something rather fitting about him going back there.?? Contributions to Psychology Alfred Adlers theories have played an essential role in a number of areas including therapy and child development. Alders ideas also influenced other important psychologists and psychoanalysts including: Abraham MaslowCarl RogersKaren HorneyRollo MayErich FrommAlbert Ellis Today, his ideas and concepts are often referred to as Adlerian psychology. Selected Publications Adler, A. (1925). The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology. London: Routledge. Adler, A. (1956). The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. H. L. Ansbacher and R. R. Ansbacher (Eds.). New York: Harper Torchbooks.

The Catholic Church - 1202 Words

Title of your paper Kelly Palmore, Curtis Perry Sheryl Washington University of Texas at Arlington Seventeen-year-old Juan and Belinda are in love. They grew up in the same neighborhood and they both attend St. Joseph s Catholic Church regularly. Belinda attends school at the church; however Juan attends the local public school. In seventh grade, Juan begins to meet Belinda at her school to walk her home each day. They both live in a community that is mostly comprised of Hispanics from a variety of countries of different origins such as Mexico, Honduras, El Salvador, and Nicaragua to name a few. The Catholic Church is a strong dominant force that is instrumental in shaping the social, political, economic, and personal values and†¦show more content†¦Both the church and the families have given the two limited information about sexuality but make it clear their strong prohibitions against premarital sex. Out of respect, Juan and Belinda have avoided a lot of physical contact except for kissing and holding each other. Juan and Belinda want to know more and at the minimum are talking about sex. Juan reaches out to the school social worker at his high school for help. Like many communities in the United States, their community decided to limit the amount and type of information to the basics of female and male anatomy and physiology. This decision leaves Juan and Belinda with little information about sexual response and behavior, contraception, pregnancy, childbirth, safe sex practices and other areas which are important in the world today. The school believes it is the families’ responsibility to provide information to their children. This case study has a myriad of ethical conflicts on many levels. The issue of values themselves has several areas that will need to be addressed. For this situation, through collaboration, I have been charged with the duty of assessing the values concerning the following specific areas: Service, Dignity and Self Worth of the Person, Importance of Human Relationships, and concluding with Integrity. In the subsequent paragraphs we get a better understanding of the appropriate methods and trials of addressing the specified issues

Analysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail And Joe I...

LIBS 7001 Mid-Term Essay King â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail† and Joe â€Å"I Lost My Talk† Martin Luther King Jr.’s Letter From Birmingham Jail and Rita Joe’s poem, I Lost My Talk share the controversial topic of racial injustice, recalling horrific events of the past all leading up to the sole purpose of asking for help. With both writers having personal experiences tied to these texts, we come face-to-face with the awful truths behind racial and cultural genocides and are left wondering whether or not the damage can be repaired. In his letter to the Alabama clergymen, King uses a logical approach to begin his argument. He first explains the need for his presence in Birmingham followed by his intentions of the nonviolent campaign. As can be seen in the middle of page 451, King outlines the four basic steps of a nonviolent campaign. He then goes on to describe specific examples like â€Å"There have been more unsolved bombings of Negro homes and churches in Birmingham than in any city in this nation† (King, 1963, p. 451). Here, statistics are used to prove a fact that clearly aligns with the step one in his nonviolent campaign steps which is to collect facts to determine if any injustices are present. King then moves forward with a pathos-based strategy using imagery and anaphora. This passage places the reader in the shoes of Dr. King just for a moment, reaffirming that one doesn t have to be black to recognize that this treatment was more than just wrong. He paints a vividShow MoreRelatedMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pagescase analysis I N T R O D U C T I O N Preparing an effective case analysis: The full story Hearing with the aid of implanted technology: The case of Cochlearâ„ ¢ – an Australian C A S E O N E high-technology leader Delta Faucet: Global entrepreneurship in an emerging market C A S E T W O DaimlerChrysler: Corporate governance dynamics in a global company C A S E T H R E E Gunns and the greens: Governance issues in Tasmania C A S E F O U R Succeeding in the Sydney indie music industry C A S E F I V E Nucor

Define Evidence Based Practice Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Evidence based pattern is a cant that appeared in healthcare scenes in last decennary. Pressure from authorities bureaus on health care suppliers to present first-class clinical pattern additions importance in execution of grounds based pattern. In order to prolong effectual result in rehabilitation, is indispensable for clinician to attest evidence-based pattern into clinical made determination. We will write a custom essay sample on Define Evidence Based Practice Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The purpose of essay is to specify grounds based pattern ( EBP ) and execution of paradigm, EBP into occupational therapy procedure in Peter ‘s instance. In order to understand Peter ‘s instance paper draws information about his status, multiple induration ( MS ) . Essay will research evidence-based pattern through scope of researches in occupational therapy ( OT ) intercession, placing possible benefits for Peter ‘s wellbeing. Evidence-based pattern is one of most problematic procedure of last few decennaries. EBP developed and arouse from evidence-based medical specialty defined by Professor David Sackett and other bookmans, as an effort to happen best grounds to help healthcare professionals with doing best determinations for patients ( Bailey et al, 2007 ) . EBP is procedure where gathered best available grounds and clinical expertness assists clinical decision-making. Decision procedure is apprehensible for client, justifiable to other health care professionals, where gathered grounds ( through research procedure ) allows clinician to measure current pattern. Collaboration between patient satisfaction, clinical judgement, and up to day of the month information boom EBP to go powerful toll to underpin clinical intercession ( Taylor, 2000 ) . Definition of EBP is based on best grounds, clinical expertness, patient values, and fortunes where clinician takes under consideration all those elements in patter n scenes. Clinician is expected in EBP procedure to use unfavorable judgment, educational accomplishments and to recognize system of values meaningful for client ( Hoffman et al, 2009 ) . When using grounds into intercession clinician is proved to utilize accomplishments upon which he or she could judge and recognize best grounds for pattern. Hierarchy of grounds to recognize best grounds to underpin intercession ushers clinician ( Taylor, 2000 ) . Author as the strongest and most valid elevates systematic reappraisals and meta-analyses from all, through which clinician has entree to print and unpublished grounds. Taylor ( 2000 ) recognises ‘gold criterion ‘ grounds in randomize control tests ( RTC ) ; they are to be considered by healthcare professionals as effectual in intercession. Limited credibleness is given to non-experimental surveies, non-randomized tests, sentiments or experts treatment where degree of cogency is low. EBP takes signifier of several stairss to turn to information to relevant intercession: inquiring the inquiry, seeking for grounds, critically measuring grounds, collaborate grounds with clinical expertness and client personal values and eventually measure. The signifier of inquiry could find information about certain patient. Clinical inquiry includes several constituents: P – patient and/or job, I – intercession, C – comparative intercession ( optional, include if relevant ) , O – result ( PICO ) . For illustration, in Peter ‘s instance clinician through formulated clinical inquiry determines valid information about him: P -middle age male with multiple induration, I – occupational therapy, C- physical therapy, vocational therapy and O- benefit in patient good being ( Hoffmann et al, 2009 ) . Evidence research for PICO is a following measure for clinician. Valid information gathered through stairss of EBP procedure needs dependable beginning , where stuffs and mentions are found. Key facet of EBP is for clinician to hold entree to books, diaries, conferences, RCT, systematic reappraisals, and databases. Clinician is aided by presents engineering in journey to happen best grounds ; allied tool is internet where most of databases are placed. AMED, BNI, EMBASE, HMIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, HEALTH BUSINESS ELITE, The Cochrane Database, and OTseeker are databases that aid and usher grounds based healer to develop sufficient and expressed grounds in clinical intercession ( Hoffmann et al, 2009 ) . Best grounds is determined by evidence-based clinician on cogency of grounds through hierarchy of research ( Lin et al, 2010 ) . Critical assessment of grounds clinician bases on RCT, where RCT could be best pick to underpin intervention options. EBP procedure is tailored to patient ‘s demands and beliefs, so client could experience sceptered and included in rehabilitation procedure. For illustration, in Peter ‘s instance client-centred occupational healer would concentrate on Peter ‘s precedences, which are employment and his cognition about MS. Although clinician in rehabilitation procedure manifests EBP, execution of EBP could be a challenge for both parties ( Lin et al, 2010 ) . Procedure can be clip devouring due to big sum of researches available. High demand to understand researches for both parties is seen as an obstruction. Therapist could hold limited cognition to carry on peculiar research or deficiency of understanding patient ‘s ends. However grou nds based healer could seek aid from current employer in ongoing preparation, communicate arouse issues with other wellness professionals and client or collaborate to carry on little group grounds based undertaking ( Lin et al, 2010 ) . Peter diagnosing is relapsing- remitting signifier of multiple induration. Harmonizing to National Institute for Clinical Excellence ( NICE, 2004 ) multiple induration is chronic, progressive disease of the cardinal nervous system, which affects immature and middle-aged grownups. MS causes harm to medulla, which is fatty substance surrounds the encephalon and spinal cord. Scare tissues within the encephalon or spinal cord replace medulla. Damage leads to disruption in ability of nervousnesss to carry on electrical urges. Persons affected by MS experience functional loss, including failing, weariness, spasticity and damages of knowledge, vision, address, get downing, intestine, and vesica map. MS occurs with an episode from which single recover full, after that, disease develops in certain signifier. NICE ( 2004 ) statistics shows that 80 % persons with MS are diagnosed with relapsing- remitting signifier of disease. Get worsing – remitting disease occurs when patients experien ce backsliding, which can last from 1 twenty-four hours to several months. Relapse occurs in loss of mobility, loss in map of vesica, loss of vision, general palsy of the voluntary musculuss. There is no patterned advance between backslidings. Multiple induration is long-run status with complex jobs, which requires broad scope of healthcare professions input: nurses, physicians, doctors, occupational healers and many more. At the present, there is no remedy for disease ( NICE, 2004 ) . Turning now to discourse evidence-based pattern occupational therapy intercessions, which could be good for Peter. Peter expresses symptoms of anxiousness, he does non cognize much about his status, he developed negative stereotype of physician due to deficient sum of information about his unwellness. Evidence based practician could construct curative relationship with Peter, for illustration by effectual communicated information about his status. Evidence based healer would inform patient about his status appropriate to his cognition abilities. Ongoing support, entree to information and advice on intervention could hold positive influence on patient experience during rehabilitation procedure ( Kopke et al, 2010 ) . Kopke et Al ( 2010 ) protocol high spots sufficient and equal information through different channels ( cusps, cyberspace and instruction plans ) allows patient to understand unwellness, to develop direction schemes and to avoid unrealistic outlook from rehabilitation procedure. Occupational healer could develop collaborative relationship with Peter through battle in doing determinations, medical intercessions, and new technological AIDSs tailored to single demands. For illustration, information procedure is tailored and designed for Peter ‘s degree of apprehensio n, Consequently Peter ‘s chief outlooks are reassured by occupational healer – to be included in rehabilitation procedure, fell heard and understood. Furthermore, patient can understand complexness of disease has pick in assorted intervention options and feels empowered ( Reynolds, 2005 ) . MS has impact on many countries on people life, where employment position concern persons, many may fight to stay in work function. Sweetland et Al ( 2007 ) undertook survey, where participants were tape recorded to demo outlooks and deductions for patients with MS in vocational market. Paper demonstrated demand in MS work force population entree to vocational rehabilitation, support public presentation in work topographic point, direction of anxiousness and fright from favoritism. Peter wellbeing is influenced by fright, uncertainness about employment position, deficient money income, and deteriorating wellness status. Define employment statute law to patient and employment rights, as a disable individual and supply vocational support ( Disability Employment Advisers and the Access to Work Scheme ) , could steer Peter to understand his position in work field ( Sweetland et al, 2007 ) . Evidence based practician could present Peter to statute law act. For illustration, Disability Dis crimination Act ( 1995 ) could demo Peter his rights as an employee. Information about eligibility to societal benefits allows service user to experience reassured about fiscal facet of life ( Johnson et al, 2004 ) . To assist in employment service occupational healer could intercede with Job Centre and local authorities governments ( council ) to accomplish fiscal grant for version in work environment harmonizing to patterned advance of unwellness. However, healer has to be aware about patient status at work. Peter complains about weariness ( overpowering fatigue ) and musculus cramp. Peter is a forklift truck driver, remain in same on the job environment could set on hazard himself and others. MS exposes persons to hazard of hurt because weariness could take to nausea, freak out, and loss of balance. Ongoing appraisal of work conditions is of import for persons to show jobs as they arise. Management of weariness symptoms, support from employer and work co-workers, flexible work ag enda, cognition development about societal benefits could hold positive impact on employment public presentation. Informing employer about unwellness would be of import due to wellness and safety issues, moreover to put up solutions in working environment. Taking into history Peter ‘s outlooks and demands grounds based pattern healer could develop intercession where Peter could prolong effectual employment ( Johnson et al, 2004 ) . Young and in-between age grownups are affected by Peter ‘s status ( MS ) . Assorted facets of single life are affected by unwellness. Disturbance occurs in instruction, employment, physical operation or disablement and of import to many sexual life. Clinically effectual healer using intercession in sexual life filed should take sensitive attack. Peter ‘s status would hold impact on his sexual public presentation, hence healer should concentrate on client-centred attack, adapt actions to carry through patient demands and outlooks. Often patients exhibit demands, but they do non show them, where upon that grounds based healer should use observation accomplishments and intuition in rehabilitation procedure ( Reynolds, 2005 ) . Insufficiency in curative apprehension of biographical breaks such as relationship dislocation due to hapless or absence of sexual activities can be a barrier between patient and healer. Effective communicating has a important function in active engage ment into rehabilitation where issues of sexual disfunction arise. Although, sexual life is meaningful demand of many persons, abashing nature of issue for patient and healer may act upon patient ‘s attachment to long-run intervention ( Reynolds 2005 ) . Evidence based practician acknowledges complexness of sexual disfunction reding patient to seek advice in collaborative services like reding. In Peter ‘s instance, client- centred healer through sensitive attack could turn to jobs with erectile disfunction or is prepared for comment from patient side. Evidence based practician could turn to Peter with pharmacological aid ( Viagra ) ; offer to see specializer in sexual jobs and advice how to utilize sexual AIDSs or accommodate sexual place ( NICE, 2004 ) . Multiple induration is long term neurological status. Harmonizing to World Health Organization ( WHO, 2008 ) , there is no intervention that can bring around MS. Evidence shows that cost of medical intervention can be expensive and it is merely limited to decelerate down patterned advance of disease. WHO papers ( 2008 ) high spots importance of rehabilitation procedure in MS. For illustration grounds, based healer could pull attending to direction schemes for unwellness. Occupational healer could demo Peter how to pull off weariness through maintaining day-to-day journal of activities, regular exercising and implement agenda of brakes between activities. Evidence based healer could intercede with other healthcare professions to advance client centred attack to MS. Result of coaction between multidisciplinary squad could be good for Peter. For illustration, evidence-based occupational healer could join forces with psychologist, where psychological science session could assist Peter ad just to, and header with MS. Finally yet significantly, rehabilitation procedure could better quality of his life ( WHO, 2008 ) . This overview of surveies is focused on efficiency of occupational therapy for Peter, who suffers from MS. Key aspect for grounds based pattern healer is to enable Peter to stay independent and supply him with accomplishable ends. Occupational therapy for Peter could hold problem-solving attack. Critically measuring their pattern grounds based occupational healer would make chances where Peter could heighten his life quality. Evidence based healer would seek advice from other wellness attention professions and authorities bureaus, local governments to advance effectual and sustainable employment position. Effective communicating between occupational therapy and Peter would construct profession relationship, which could be a span to prosecute patient in lifetime rehabilitation journey. Empathic, client centred occupational therapy procedure would be perceive as allied tool to assist Peter to understand his hard and complex unwellness. However, occupational healer would non be able to handle his status, however evidence-based occupational healer could assist Peter prolong his independency and enable Peter to recover feeling of ‘normality ‘ . Mentions: Bailey, D. , M. , Bornstein, J. , A ; Ryan, S. ( 2007 ) . A instance study of evidence-based pattern: From academe to clinic. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 61 ( 1 ) , 85-91. Disability Discrimination Act 1995. ( 1995 ) London: HMSO Hoffmann, T. , Bennett, S. , Del Mar, C. ( 2009 ) . Evidence-Based Practice Across the Health Care Professions. Australia: Elsevier. Johnson, K. , L. , Amtmann, D. , Yorkston K. , M. , Klasner, E. , R. , Kuehn, C. , M. ( 2004 ) . Medical, Psychological, Social, and Programmatic Barriers to Employment for Peoples with Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of Rehabilitation. [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //proquest.umi.com/pqdweb? Ver=1 A ; Exp=10-27-2015 A ; FMT=7 A ; DID=577472521 A ; RQT=309 A ; cfc=1 [ Accessed 28 October 2010 ] Kopke, S. , Solari, A. , Khan, F. , Heesen, C. , Giordano, A. ( 2010 ) . Information proviso for individuals with multiple induration. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 10. Art. No. : CD008757. Department of the interior: 10.1002/14651858.CD008757. Lin, S. , H. , Murphy, S. , L. , Robinson, J. , C. ( 2010 ) . Facilitating Evidence-Based Practice: Procedure, Strategies, and Resources. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 64 ( 1 ) , 164-171. National Institute for Clinical Excellence and the National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions ( 2004 ) Multiple Sclerosis: National clinical guideline for diagnosing and direction in primary and secondary attention. London: Royal College of Physicians. Reynolds, F. ( 2005 ) . Communication and Clinical Effectiveness in Rehabilitation. London: Elsevier. Sweetland, J. , Riazi, A. , Cano, S. , J. , Playford, E. , D. ( 2007 ) . Vocational rehabilitation services for people with multiple induration: what patients want from clinicians and employers. Multiple Sclerosis. [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //proquest.umi.com/pqdweb? Ver=1 A ; Exp=11-09-2015 A ; FMT=7 A ; DID=1370288031 A ; RQT=309 [ Accessed on 10 November 2010 ] Taylor, M. , C. ( 2000 ) . Evidence- based pattern for occupational healers. Oxford: Blackwell Science. World Health Organisation ( 2008 ) . Atlas multiple induration resources in the universe 2008. [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/mental_health/neurology/Atlas_MS_WEB.pdf [ Accessed on 28 October 2010 ] Student figure: 1041133 Discuss the strengths and restrictions of the educational cusp that you developed within a little group during HH1103 seminars. The purpose of this essay is rating of educational and communicational stuff in signifier of cusp based on Helen instance, who suffers from Juvenile Chronic Arthritis ( JCA ) . Essay draws definition of status and find how cusp is presented and why. Furthermore, paper demonstrates leaflet restrictions and strengths and how good meets it purpose. The intent of the cusp was to inform Helen and her parents, in simple signifier and mode, about her condition-JCA. Furthermore, cusp is designed to go through message about available services, signifier of rehabilitation, and direction of JCA. Leaflet chief subject is concentrated around solutions in life manner and rehabilitation for 14-year-old miss Helen. Leaflet is designed upon Helen personal experience and her unwellness JCA. JCA is status, which affects articulations in kids, age under 16 old ages old. One in 1000 kids in United Kingdom is affected ; in relation to gender, females are impacted more than males. Skin haste, joint puffiness, febrility, alteration in temper are symptoms associated with JCA. Rehabilitation procedure has successful rate in bulk instances ; it enables single to continue normal rate of growing and psychological development ( Arthritis Care, 2010 ) . The cusp is composed in simple signifier where colorful strategy would pull Helen ‘s attending. Choice of the colors is non sponsoring, it is modern and does non hold important impact on cost of bring forthing the cusp ( Department of Health, 2003 ) . When it comes to artworks, images suggest activities in which Helen could prosecute and present to the remainder of the household importance of active life style. For illustration, image of the household in swimming pool displayed on the forepart of the cusp, illustrates intending to rehabilitation procedure. Furthermore, it encourages Helen and her household to take part in activity. Swiming Sessionss could actuate household to pass quality clip together and authorise Helen in her unwellness. The National Health Service ( NHS ) logo could be discouragement for Helen, doing cusp to functionary. However, it could be invitation point for her parents, where it could be a beginning of credibleness ( Department of Health, 2003 ) . The font size is clear and information flow through the cusp. Information is arranged in little intersections to do more apprehensible for kids. It was of import to implement slug points where possible so leaflet draws attending and it is non deadening, but has patient friendly-text facet. Identify beginning of information is distinguished where it proved cusp to be honorable usher to JCA ( Department of Health, 2003 ) . It was precedence to turn up information about medical intervention. Helen conformity with medicine is deficient. Information introduced in cusp could carry her to follow guidelines from GP related to her medical intervention. There is some grounds, where written information about medicine has benefits on patients ‘ results: like cognition or conformity ( Nicolson et al, 2009 ) . Conformity with medicine could be good for Helen by cut downing degree of hurting ; subsequently medicine would cut down swelling of the articulations and enable Helen in active engagement in physical signifier of intervention. The country where cusp informs patient about medicine could be less enlightening. Information about medicines could be to formal for Helen by seting her off. However, cusp could steer Helen into different beginning of information ( cyberspace or other cusps ) , where medicine is explained in simple linguistic communication, and inside informations possible side effects ( Nicolso n et al, 2009 ) . It is a challenge to develop cusp for the patient with low readability and those who expect information that is more specific. Determine whether the cusp linguistic communication is comprehendible and suited for bulk of population is based on Reading Ease mark ( Reynolds, 2005 ) . Language used in cusp is clear to average 13-14 twelvemonth old kid. Simple and apparent linguistic communication could be easy to retrieve. Verbal information could be easy forgot or misunderstood during patient audience session. Written information could hence patient engagement in rehabilitation ( Dixon-Woods, 2001 ) . Medical slang is reduced to minimum when explicating JCA. Adequate cognition about status explained in apparent linguistic communication could be a signifier of instruction. Available intervention options for Helen ‘s status could authorise her parents in decision-making procedure ( Dixon-Woods, 2001 ) . However, if patients who would wish to research status in more inside informatio ns, cusp should supply more equal information in last subdivision of cusp. Overall, construct of the cusp is good. Leaflet is non merely about patient information, but has legion advice and solutions for Helen and her household. Therefore, it seems reasonable that cusp ushers reader to seek advice in extra services. Group could implement few betterments in some countries. Where needed squad could concentrate on board populace and made it leaflet less official. Furthermore, would be good if cusp explore more about occupational therapy and physical therapy rehabilitation for Helen. Nevertheless, cusp achieved it chief intent: to pass on information about Helen ‘s status to her and household. How to cite Define Evidence Based Practice Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Some Neo

Some Neo-Freudian Views On A Serial Killer Essay Some Neo-Freudian Views On A Serial Killer Essay The perfect normal person is rare in our civilization ~ Karen Horney Charles Manson is in fact one of the most widely known serial killers of our time. He can easily be considered the boogey man of society. Many people still to this day fear him and his past, yet now an old man in a prison cell, one may wonder what created such a monster. In learning about personality I thought that it would be interesting to apply some of the concepts that we have learned from the text and in class to a certain individual. I have no idea why in the end I chose Charles Manson. I think maybe it is because of his tragic life before the murders, a life that most people dont know about. Mason was the illegitimate son of Kathleen Maddox, a 16-year-old prostitute. Manson had no contact what so ever with his father (ATWL.com). The first thing to point out is Alfred Adlers point of view on Birth Order. Adler believed that the order in which you were born influenced your personality. Manson was the first born. Adler says that the first born may become authoritarian or strict. Feels power is his right. The first is usually a problem child, a neurotic, criminal, drunkard, and a pervert. Knowing Mansons future in crime it is interesting how Adlers theory fits in (Stein). Another thing is that Manson never had any sort of a relation ship with his mother or his father. His mother would often take off and leave him with strangers. Once she even traded him for a pitcher of beer at a local pub (Bugliosi 20-22). Ainsworth and her colleagues developed three types of parent-child relationships. Manson undoubtedly would fit into the last category : Avoidant relationships. In this type of a relationship the mother doesnt respond to her childs needs, the baby is neglected. It therefor develops a sense of worthlessness and possible anger towards authoritative figures (Burger 162-163). According to Erikson one can either develop a sense of basic trust or a sense of basic mistrust. If the mother is avoidant as in Mansons case the child will most likely develop a sense of mistrust. This will lead to a life of estrangement and withdrawal (Burger 117). Mansons life continued to be one crime after another. He was arrested for several instances where he stole cars and committed robberies. In prison he attacked another prisoner with a razor blade and continued to sodomize him (Bugliosi 67). Freud may have seen this as frustration of the libido. Which in turn, causes aggression. This may also explain the act of sodomization against the other prisoner (Burger 153). Karen Horney would most likely have seen Charles Manson as one who Moves against people. It is way that she believed a group of people handled their anxiety. To act aggressively may help deal with a poor home environment. They compensate for feelings of inadequacy by pushing other individuals around (Burger 125-125). During the summer of love Manson appealed to those who where like him in many ways. In fact many of the girls that became familiar with Manson saw him as a Father figure. Most of them, if not all developed sexual relationships with Manson. He was known as the father of the cult (Bugliosi 111-125). Freud may have seen something a bit like the Oedipus complex here. The Oedipus complex is named after a mythological figure who knowingly married his mother. Although they were not biologically related, Freud may have argued that they were in need of the father figure in their lives (Donadio). One could also say that Manson ruled in an authoritarian manner. During the years in his cult he convinced other members that he was godlike. He also made them go on a horrible killing spree. According to Erich Fromm this is the tendency to fuse ones self with somebody or something outside of oneself in order to acquire the strength which the individual self is lacking (Fromm, p. .u3311656ed7df84ed1e9792be05b47348 , .u3311656ed7df84ed1e9792be05b47348 .postImageUrl , .u3311656ed7df84ed1e9792be05b47348 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3311656ed7df84ed1e9792be05b47348 , .u3311656ed7df84ed1e9792be05b47348:hover , .u3311656ed7df84ed1e9792be05b47348:visited , .u3311656ed7df84ed1e9792be05b47348:active { border:0!important; } .u3311656ed7df84ed1e9792be05b47348 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3311656ed7df84ed1e9792be05b47348 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3311656ed7df84ed1e9792be05b47348:active , .u3311656ed7df84ed1e9792be05b47348:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3311656ed7df84ed1e9792be05b47348 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3311656ed7df84ed1e9792be05b47348 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3311656ed7df84ed1e9792be05b47348 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3311656ed7df84ed1e9792be05b47348 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3311656ed7df84ed1e9792be05b47348:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3311656ed7df84ed1e9792be05b47348 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3311656ed7df84ed1e9792be05b47348 .u3311656ed7df84ed1e9792be05b47348-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3311656ed7df84ed1e9792be05b47348:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: THE POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES Essay163). I believe Evilness and self-loss are as real as are goodness and aliveness. They are the secondary potentialities of man if he chooses not .

20 CCOT Essay Topics on Advertising in Cultural History

20 CCOT Essay Topics on Advertising in Cultural History The importance of choosing an essay topic you truly understand and are able to work on cannot be overstated when the task at hand is writing a continuity and change-over-time essay (CCOT). This is because of the technical details that must be considered when writing such an essay. To explain further, when writing a CCOT essay, the student must pay attention to the time periods of his subject matter such as when certain things had occurred, analyse the changes since then as well as areas where continuity has been noted. This means that a CCOT essay on advertising in cultural history must first go about discussing the history of an advertising medium or concept, proceed to discussing how the advertising medium or concept has changed over time as well as the factors that influenced these changes. Lastly, one must employ the use of the chosen historical concept to show the change and continuities that occurred over time. As you can see, writing a CCOT essay tests the student research and writing abilities in multiple ways. Therefore to successfully write your essay, you will need concrete and continuous facts to make your arguments and these facts can be found in this article on the 10 CCOT essay facts and advertising in cultural history. This article is intended to simplify your task in choosing a topic once your initial research has been completed and these are the 20 topics for today. 20 essay topics on advertising in cultural history: Historical Context in Advertising and its Growth Over Time Exploring the Similarities between Ancient and Modern Advertising Techniques Ancient and Modern Advertising: Comparing and Contrasting Techniques The Invention of New Media and Advertising History The Role of Media Inventions in Revolutionizing Advertising Discussing the Effectiveness of Billboards as an Advertising Tool A Study on Advertising and its Continuous Growth Analyzing Salesmanship in Print and New Media The Evolution of Advertising Making Sense of Advertisement and its Application Through the Ages The Origin of Branding and Its Effects on Society A Historical Analysis of Advertising and Women Objectification The Ever-Changing Face of Advertising in the Non-Profit Sector Comparing Online Advertising Reach to Print Media Children as Consumers: Studying Advertising Demographics Historical and Modern Analysis of Sexism in Advertising Shaping the American Woman: Feminism and Advertising in the US A Study on Advertising to Kids in the 21st Century The History and Evolution of the Advertising Industry Analyzing the Public Perception of Advertising through its History Here we come to the end of the 20 topics we believe should inspire you to write excellently on the topic of advertising in cultural history. These topics will be preceded by a CCOT essay developed from a topic chosen off this list. This written essay on the historical and modern analysis of sexism in advertising would provide some direction on how you should go about drafting yours in such a manner that guarantees you top marks. Sample CCOT Essay: Historical and Modern Analysis of Sexism in Advertising The time tested phrase ‘sex sells’ has played a huge role in advertising and marketing through the years as advertising firms fought to get consumers using products regardless of the morality of long-reaching effects of marketing campaigns. In the 90s advertising had witnessed an upsurge as more people became financially capable of purchasing consumer goods and sex was used in advertisement as a means to an end. As time passed, feminism and the increased social awareness of the average individual wrought some changes on the phrase and my essay will attempt to analyse the changes in advertising sexism and the roles society played in pushing these changes. With the advent of print media came a corresponding increase in advertising and in 1911, the first sexualized advert in the United States was created. This Woodbury Facial Soap advertisement named ‘A Skin You Love to Touch’, showed young women reclining on sofa’s while men ogled over the condition of their skin. A corresponding advert by Marlboro in 1955 created sexualized pictures of the ideal man and his smoking habits. Needless to say, these adverts led to highly increased sales of both products using subliminal messages to shape public perceptions. These adverts opened the floodgates and in the late 90s, the female form became the hallmark object for the advertising industry but this practice did not go unchallenged for long. In 1960, feminist groups were the first organized body of individuals to bring to the public’s notice the harmful effect of creating a pseudo perfect human appearance could have on an individual’s psyche. They pointed out how the use of models pushed women to pursue unrealistic goals and how glamorising smoking and alcohol intake led others into developing unhealthy vices. As more people became aware of how manipulative and sexist modern advertising trends were becoming, certain limitations were set by the (EPA) on the acceptable advert forms that can be displayed on both print and video media platforms. Some of these measures included the publishing and highlighting of the dangers of smoking in cigarettes advertisements as well as the viewership age restriction system on video ads. These checks on the excesses of traditional advertising formats that promoted sexism were positive to an extent for they reduced over sexualisation of the female form as well as what was considered appropriate to be shown on television. But despite this progress, forms of sexism in the advertising industry still continue as the female form is still been used to sell jewellery, clothing, sport items and perfumes. The advent of the internet as the new platform for advertising has also sprung some challenges for just about anyone can create and advertisement and there are no real ways to counter the use of inappropriate or sexist materials on the World Wide Web. In conclusion, sex still sells and it would take a concerted effort from both government organizations and stakeholders in the advertising industry to truly tackle the far-reaching effects of sexism. The above essay was written as a CCOT essay on advertising in cultural history. The last article in this series is written in tutorial form and provides tips on how to write a great CCOT essay on advertising in cultural history. References: Mustapha Momoh, M. (2013). Effect of Demographic Variables on Information Seeking Behaviour of Company Advertising Strategies in North-Eastern Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 9(3), pp.46-51. Dahlà ©n, M. Edenius, M. (2007). When is Advertising Advertising? Comparing Responses to Non-Traditional and Traditional Advertising Media. Journal of Current Issues Research in Advertising, 29(1), pp.33-42. CURTIS, R. (1986). Product Identification and Advertising on Roman Commercial Amphorae. Ancient Society, 17(0), pp.209-228. Feng, S. (2009). Talking about Ancient Chinese Commercial Advertising Styles. Asian Social Science, 5(12). Leclerc, F., Schmitt, B. and Dube, L. (1994). Foreign Branding and Its Effects on Product Perceptions and Attitudes. Journal of Marketing Research, 31(2), p.263. Cheong, Y., de Gregorio, F. and Kim, K. (2010). The Power of Reach and Frequency In the Age of Digital Advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 50(4), pp.403-415. Sridhar, S. and Sriram, S. (2007). Is Online Newspaper Advertising Cannibalizing Print Advertising?. SSRN Electronic Journal.

Evolutionary Psychology As A Unifying †Research Paper

Evolutionary Psychology As A Unifying – Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Evolutionary Psychology As A Unifying Research Paper In this essay I will assess evolutionary psychology (E.P) as a scientific research programme. I will outline the concept of a scientific research programme and the utility of discussing E.P in this manner. I will also give an outline of the origins of E.P, discussing on the one hand its fundamental principles and their auxiliary hypotheses and on the other the earliest work done in this spirit. I will discuss certain ambiguities and weaknesses present in the programme, those concerning reverse engineering, modularity, adaptation and the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (E.E.A). I will complete the discussion of Archer’s claim by assessing criticisms of E.P and their motivation, and providing some warning comments about progress and degeneration. E.P as a Scientific Research Programme Archer (2001) presents the hierarchical theoretic structure of E.P. as outlined by Buss (1990). His basic claim is that the fundamental principles of E.P are not being tested in empirical research; the role of these fundamental principles (the first and second level) is to generate ‘novel hypotheses’ (the second and third level) which are then empirically tested. To understand fully what is being claimed one needs at least a brief gloss on work done in Philosophy of Science in the latter part of the twentieth century. In his Conjectures and Refutations Karl Popper made what many consider to be a key move in the justification of scientific method. His suggestion was that science follows a ‘hypothetico-deductive’ system. Rather than being an attempt to prove theories inductively from set of relevant observations, a more stable characterisation (which would also account for the success of scientific theories) would be as follows: hypotheses are deduced from theories; these hypotheses generate predictions which are submitted to rigorous tests; any observations which violate these predictions refute the theory via a retransmission of falsity under the logical law of modus tollens. Theories are conjectures which stand only until falsified; the wider the range of predictions and the more rigorous the test, the better the theory. (Popper, 1972) One problem noted by one of Popper’s students, David Miller (in his Critical Rationalism), is the lack of any theory of verisimilitude. Given that there is no way of identifying a specific set of all the hypotheses a theory may generate in potentia there is no way of knowing which un-refuted theory is objectively better, and thus closer to the truth, than its contemporaries. (Miller, 1994) An alternative view presented by Kuhn in his Structure of Scientific Revolutions is that ‘normal science’ consists of ‘paradigms’, which are themselves dependent upon historical factors such as their socio-political context. Unfortunately Kuhn’s use of the ‘paradigm’ is fairly ambiguous and whilst it is useful for talking about dramatic changes in accepted scientific thought e.g. the ‘Williams revolution’ in evolutionary biology, it is unclear whether it can be specifically applied to E.P. Kuhn recognising this ambiguity changed the term to disciplinary matrix or matrices (Kuhn, 1970, 1977). However, some e.g. Buller Hardcastle (2001) read ‘paradigm’ as a shared and unquestioned framework of theory, methodology, and exemplars (specific explanations that serve as models for further scientific research) and believe E.P may be represented in this way. I am unconvinced that they have wrestled with the ambiguities a nd will argue that a Lakatosian ‘scientific research programme’ (S.R.P) is closer to Archer’s representation of E.P as a â€Å"research agenda† and can better account for the diversity within the field (Archer 2001, p414). Imre Lakatos, also a student and colleague of Popper (but sympathetic the idea that history is a key factor in considering the nature of scientific research), proposed the idea that an S.R.P is characterised by a continuity which ties together its members: the metaphysical ‘hard-core’. The hard-core is metaphysical in the Popperian sense that it is not subject to refutation by empirical testing. Within the hard-core are the central theoretic principles from which auxiliary hypotheses are deduced. In E.P. the hard-core, at the very least, certainly comprises the principle that species evolve through genetic inheritance, mutation and differential selection: Darwinian evolution. It would also include certain Neo-Darwinian ethological principles such as Trivers’ theory of reciprocal altruism, Hamilton’s theory of kin selection and Maynard Smith’s application of ‘game theory’ to evolution. The inclusion of these is indicated by the words imme diately following the title quote â€Å"natural selection has made us this way† (Archer 2001, p414). Note that these theories are empirically testable, however what is important in the context of E.P as an S.R.P is that they are tested elsewhere (they are the auxiliary hypotheses of other S.R.P’s); the experiments conducted under the banner of E.P serve to test the auxiliary hypotheses which form a protective belt around the hard-core (Archer 2001, p415). This, I hope, will add some depth to Archers comment that it is a â€Å"fundamental misconception† about E.P research to believe â€Å"that in each case the evolutionary view is being tested† (Archer 2001, p416). The auxiliary hypotheses are interpretations of the hard-core with specified empirically observable predictions from which experiments may be constructed. If the predictions are falsified by experimental observations the relevant auxiliary hypotheses will be discarded as false interpretations of the core. A degenerative S.R.P is one which is continually forced to discard auxiliary hypotheses, thus reducing the range of empirical prediction and continually reinterpreting the hard-core. A progressive S.R.P is one which continually increases the range of empirical prediction through the survival of auxiliary hypotheses and the generation of novel hypotheses from the former. The Santa Barbara School and the early auxiliary hypotheses In the light of this discussion we can more clearly discern what might be characteristic features of E.P and see whether it does what Archer proclaims. Here I will examine the claim that the early writings and mission statements of Leda Cosmides and John Tooby provides the â€Å"defining features of the field† (Laland Brown (2002)). Together with Donald Symons, who brought them to the University of Santa Barbara, this group of researchers will be referred to as the ‘Santa Barbara School’ for the sake of convenience. Cosmides Toobys views on the nature of E.P seem to be in the same spirit as Archers rather general statement (serving as title for this paper), as shown the following quote: â€Å"Evolutionary psychology is an approach to psychology, in which knowledge and principles from evolutionary biology are put to use in research on the structure of the human mind.† (Cosmides Tooby, 1997) One noteworthy disparity between the Santa Barbara School and Archer (and perhaps also Buss, see Laland Brown (2002) p158) seems to be the extent to which they emphasise a computational theory of mind. Archer uses the word mechanism freely but without committing himself to any clear statement of his stance upon the functionality of the mind. Cosmides and Tooby on the other hand clearly emphasise that they take mind to be an information processing machine consisting of circuits operating programs which manifest adaptations: â€Å"When evolutionary psychologists refer to the mind, they mean the set of information-processing devices, embodied in the human brainthe programs comprising the human mind were designed by natural selection to solve the adaptive problems faced by our hunter-gatherer ancestors.† (Cosmides 2001) Thus we should exhibit evolutionary adaptations in our behaviour and cognitive abilities. An apparent thesis of the Santa Barbara School is what might be called hyper-modularity. Fodor originally introduced the idea of modularity to the Philosophy of Mind in arguing that the areas of mind involved in perception have certain pointed and discrete functional properties and are thus domain-specific whilst the rest of the mind may be a domain general problem solving machine (Fodor, 1983). A crucial feature of these modules is informational encapsulation; the module is only privy to the very specific information related to its function and does not access information processed in other parts of the brain. The Santa Barbara School adopt the idea of domain-specific modules whilst seemingly rejecting the idea that the mind may be domain-general. It is useful to understand this as a reaction to what they referred to as the Standard Social Science Model (SSSM), which retained what they considered a dogmatic view (inherited from the 17th and 18th century empiricists) of the mind as w hite paper to be written upon by social cultural and physical experience and so must be domain general (as it begins with no information regarding the problems it may face). A quote from Symon illustrates their view: â€Å"It is no more probable that some sort of general-purpose brain/mind mechanism could solve all the behavioural problems an organism faces (find food, choose a mate,select a habitat, etc.) than it is that some sort of general-purpose organ could perform all physiological functions (pump blood, digest food, nourish an embryo, etc.)† (Symons, 1997 as cited in Buller Hardcastle, 2000) To understand what problems these domain-specific modules have adapted to solve one must be familiar with the environment in which they evolved. Evolution takes a long time, only comprehensible in terms of thousands of generations. Cosmides and Tooby suggest, following Bowlby, that we have not significantly evolved since the time when our hunter-gather ancestors roamed the African Savannah in roughly the Pleistocene period; this would be the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (E.E.A) and only in reference to this, rather than our post-agricultural/technological-revolution modern day world, may we understand present day adaptations. Thus we have a stone-age mind in a space age world, but â€Å"the past explains the present† , and we must reverse-engineer to understand a particular trait or disposition (Cosmides Tooby, 1990; Pinker, 1997 cited in Archer, 2001). Cosmides (1989) doctoral dissertation provides an illustration of the methods proposed above. Following the principle of reciprocal altruism and the idea that its effective function requires an ability to detect cheats to the rules of reciprocation (i.e. in solution to the free-rider problem), Cosmides designed a series of elegant experiments using the Wason selection task to test the hypothesis that humans possess a cheater detection module adapted to solve this problem. The data showed that even where subjects had training in formal logic 75% failed the task when in an abstract form, whereas 75% got it right when it was presented in a social form in which subjects had to detect cheats to a social rule (both tasks had the same logical form). This indicated that the subjects possessed a cheater detection module that was not party to the subjects knowledge of logic in a separate stream of the brain. In sum, we have a number of auxiliary hypotheses detailed above that have been interpreted from the hard-core which we established earlier. These are that the mind functions as a computer with discrete domain-specific modules, we will exhibit evolved adaptations in our behaviour and cognition our adaptations were selected for in an environment vastly different from that which most of us currently live in to understand these we must focus upon the E.E.A I shall give brief criticisms of each of these. Ambiguities, weaknesses, criticisms of E.P, degeneration and progress. I shall not address the concept of a computational theory in general but rather the specific modularity thesis. There are two initial points: firstly a modular theory of mind does not necessitate a mind composed of entirely domain specific modules – as Fodor (1983) suggests, there may be informationally encapsulated modules which do not interact with the rest of a domain general mind; secondly whilst Cosmides early conclusions at least require some domain-specific/informationally encapsulated modules there is little to suggest that this precludes them being a part of a domain-general mind. In fact there seems to be evidence that some psychological traits are domain-general, and when pushed upon the matter Cosmides and Tooby agree, pointing to their own recent work which indicates just this, making it somewhat ambiguous what their stance is. Work done by Ramachandran and others has shown that hand-gesturing in babies comes before the use of language, gesticulation experiences are reported by phantom limb patients when communicating, blind persons use the same gestures in the same manner as sighted persons, sighted persons still gesticulate when talking to blind persons and subjects recall details of a story better when allowed to gesticulate. All of which indicates that gesticulation may not be a culturally learned behavioural trait but rather a tool for the speakers language use. This is in turn would indicate that there is a dynamic interaction between brain areas involved in language and those involved in motor control; this is a direct criticism of Pinkers arguments that there are discrete language modules and of hyper-modularity in general (Badcock, 2000, pp23 25). Adaptations are a point of controversy within Darwinian theory. Darwins own comments seem to suggest that an adaptation selected to solve a specific problem may be an illusion or very heavy interpretation of what is really just an amalgam of surviving parts (see quotation in Badcock pp 22 23). Also Williams warns against regarding something as an adaptation prematurely, stating that the criterion for regarding a feature of an organism as adaptive (and if so what it was originally adaptive to) are far too unclear, as such he warns that we should only regard something as adaptation when we have exhausted all other possibilities. There seems to be a problem here for the reverse engineering thesis that presumes we can glean semantic properties (the why) rather than just causal properties (the how) from our analysis of whether a particular behaviour or ability is adaptive (Badcock, 2000, pp18 19). Having anything interesting to say about the E.E.A may be precluded by the difficulty of being able to say with confidence that something is an adaptation rather than an epiphenomenon of other other unnoticed adaptations. This aside it is not particularly clear what exactly the E.E.A is; denoting a general time-period and place does not get us far in having a working model. Cosmides and Tooby (1990) have attempted to provide something more definitive: â€Å"it is a statistical composite of the adaptation relevant properties of the ancestral environments encountered by members of ancestral populations, weighted by their frequency and their fitness consequences.†(as cited in Laland Brown 2000 pp179) Yet this does not denote a particular ancestral population or even a particular time period which would mark key stages in our evolution of certain adaptations (Laland Brown, 2000) The idea of an E.E.A and focus on the general hunter-gatherer concept also gives a misleadingly static view of evolution in the surrounding time periods. In addition, to say that we are maladapted to our current environment is akin to saying that the hunter gatherers, being originally vegetarians, were maladapted to theirs. It seems a moot point to argue focus upon one environment rather than another. A few things must be noted in conclusion. Firstly very few of the criticisms above are decisive or even arguments. To do this effectively one would have to level each against all the diverse work done in the field. But the line of attack is clear; if the auxiliary hypotheses cannot achieve the generality they purport or worse still their predictions are disconfirmed then they will have to be reinterpreted in order that the programme may survive. If reinterpretation persists then the field should be considered degenerative. But if it can field all the criticisms and make new predictions, progress must be noted. One thing that is omitted above is a proper treatment of the diversity of research done in this field, as I have tried to look at the bigger picture. The picture is overall a highly deterministic one and rejecting this aspect is a common motivation for some of the more valid criticisms. Rose Rose point out that there is no account taken of plasticity and the dynamic complex nature of living systems (Archer, 2001 pp428 429). And as a final note, volitional action is still considered one of the things that makes us human, our behaviour seems under-determined by genetic mechanisms, something may be being left out. Bibliography: General note to reader: Where philosophical literature has been cited, exact page references have been omitted intentionally, in the belief that all references made are simply interpretations of their work. If my interpretation is deemed correct, the insight belongs to the referee, if deemed incorrect then I am simply mistaken. Archer, J. et al. (2001) Evolving Theories of Behaviour, in ‘The Psychologist’, 14(8): 414 431. Badcock, C.R. (2000) Evolutionary Psychology: a critical introduction; Blackwell, Polity Press Buss, D.E. (1990) – Evolutionary Social Psychology: prospects and pitfalls; in ‘Motivation and Emotion’, 14: 265-286. Buller Hardcastle (2000) Evolutionary Psychology, Meet Developmental Neurobiology: Against Promiscuous Modularity; in ‘Brain and Mind’ 1: 307–325: Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Cosmides Tooby (1997) Evolutionary Psychology: a primer: (psych.ucsb.edu/research/cep/primer.html) Copyright John Tooby and Leda Cosmides, Updated January 13, 1997 Cosmides, L. (1989) The Logic of Social Exchange: has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task; in Cognition 31: 187-276 (2001) Interview with Alvaro Fischer and Roberto Araya for the Chilean newspaper El Mercurio (psych.ucsb.edu/research/cep/ledainterview.htm); part of a project entitled New Paradigms at the Beginning of the Third Millenium. Fodor, J. (1983) The Modularity of Mind: an essay on faculty psychology Cambridge, Mass. ; London : MIT Press Hume, D (1975) Enquiries Concerning Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals; L.A Selby-Bigge: Third Edition, Oxford, Clarendon Press. Kuhn, T. S (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions; Second edition: Chicago, University of Chicago Press. (1977) The Essential Tension. Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press . Lakatos, I. (1976) Proofs and refutations: the logic of mathematical discovery; edited by John Worrall and Elie Zahar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Laland Brown (2002) Sense and Nonsense: evolutionary perspectives on human behaviour; Clarendon, Oxford University Press. Miller, D. (1994) – Critical Rationalism: a restatement and defence; Chicago: Open court Popper, K. (1972) Conjectures and Refutations; Fourth Edition: Routledge Kegan Paul Limited Research Papers on Evolutionary Psychology As A Unifying - Research PaperThree Concepts of PsychodynamicEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenResearch Process Part OneGenetic EngineeringOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesStandardized TestingAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

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Book report; schlesinger, The Distinguishing of America Term Paper

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It has more than 8,500 stores in 15 different of the world. It works in different countries with different names.   LuLu Hypermarkets, is Gulf based retail stores and considers as a trend setter of the retail industry in  GCC including Qatar. Nowadays, LuLu represents excellence retailing with number stores and has been an immediate success with the perceptive shoppers across the country. Multinational corporations including Wal-Mart want to quickly access the international market and exploit the opportunities in the rapidly growing economies such as Qatar (Cullen Parboteeah 1999, pp.133-135). Takeover the Lulu will give the quick and complete access to the Qatars growing economy. By acquisition of Lulu, Wal-Mart can expend its international operations. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (Wal-Mart), started on October 31, 1969, is an American multinational company, runs retail stores in various layouts around the world. Companys pricing philosophy is to provide products to customer at lowest possible price. The Companys works in three corporate divisions: the Wal-Mart U.S. segment, the Wal-Mart International segment, and the Sams Club segment. In fiscal year 2012, Wal-Mart U.S. segment generated approximately 60% of its net sales from number of its stores in all 50 states in USA and Puerto Rico, as well as Wal-Marts online selling activities. Wal-Mart International division involves in retail activities in 26 different countries. During fiscal 2012, this overseas division produced about 28% of its net sales. The Wal-Mart Worldwide segment comprises a variety of layouts of retail stores, restaurants and online selling, which function outside the USA (Wal-Mart  n.d. online) The Corporation is involved in the retail activities located all over the United States; its entirely retained firms in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, Japan and the United Kingdom; its majority retained holdings in Chile, Mexico, 12 countries in Africa, and five countries in Central America. The retail giant has joint ventures in India and the China and some fully owned subsidiaries. The Wal-Mart U.S. division contains the Firms mass mercantile idea under the Wal-Mart or Wal-Mart brand. The Wal-Mart Global segment involves of the Businesss operations outside of the USA. The primarily listed on the NYSE, but it is also traded on 13 other exchanges in 6 different countries. From many years Wal-Mart Stores Inc. revenue is growing. Last year it grew at 4.97% from 446.95bn to 469.16bn while net income improved 8.28% from 15.70bn to 17.00bn. LuLu Hypermarket LuLu Hypermarket, the retail division of the multidimensional EMKE Group has always been recognised as a trend setter of the retail industry in Arab region. LuLu shopping centres are modern and adding all possible requirements of the customers under one roof. LuLu Hypermarkets have widely arranged out counters, extensive parking spaces, play zones for kids, food places, money conversation and bank counters as well a display of global and local products appropriately justifying details. It is the most preferable shopping place in Qatar. SWOT Analysis: An overview: SWOT analysis is a scan of internal and external environment of an organization and a vital part of the strategic planning process and decision making. Environmental factors internally touches to the firm usually classified as strengths (S) or weaknesses (W) whereas those externally affects to the firm can be said as opportunities (O) or threats (T) . An organizations strengths are its means and competences that can be used to develop a competitive benefit whereas lack of these capabilities may be looked as weaknesses. The external environmental analysis tells us about the availability of new opportunities for income and progression in to new and existing market. All the external factors which can affect organisation performance are regarded as threats (Johnson et al. 2011, p74). SWOT Analysis of Wal-Mart: Strength Wal-Mart Stores, Inc is the world largest    global retail corporation. It runs hundreds of discount department stores, hypermarkets, supermarket, grocery stores and warehouse in different region of the world. According to the  Fortune Global 500  list in 2012 this multinational giant was ranked as third largest corporation in the world. The company is also leading private employer  in the international market having more than two million employees. The operations of the corporation are wide spread and there is no international competitor of this size (Wal-Mart Stores, online) One of the core competences of the Wal-Mart is to use the information technology and software to maintain its international logistics system. For instance, it can be seen how distinct goods execute in different countries, within one country and store-by-store at one look. In addition to the retail market controller, it has the ability of repeating its greatest activities frequently around the  globe. Wal-Mart has a very good standing for worth for money, accessibility and a wide-ranging range product portfolio all in at one place. This competitive advantage has created its constructive financial success and market share globally. Moreover, its leading position and the diversity of products permits it to rapidly differentiate the products, which allows it to encounter the demand and give benefits from increased trades. This kind of elasticity and impact enables it to uphold its dominant market position (Farhoomand Wang, 2006). Weaknesses Wal-Mart is a huge  vendor and runs hypermarkets which need large space for existing and every new stock. This restricts its growth in inner-city areas where limited space is available. It has been seen its sales in USA have reduced for eight constant quarters because of availability of less space. Therefore, it has become more essential for Wal-Mart to originate new set up which helps to increase its revenue and which is more appropriate to the city areas. Its competitors such as Tesco are planning to come up with such new strategy of market place to cater more and more segments of customer. If they accomplish to be successful in the market then Wal-Mart will likely to have a competitive disadvantage. Wal-Mart sells many low price products but customers often concerned about the quality of products. Many times it involved in non-compliance to environmental dispute which cost the company huge sums of money (Mujtaba Maxwell, 2011) Opportunities Wal-Mart has been growing its presence in emerging economies such as India, china and Brazil. It is estimated that due to rapid economic growth, consumers in these countries developing would have double by 2015. Therefore, this will create a great opportunity for  Wal-Mart for its international growing trend. Growth of ecommerce and buying through the internet is a big opportunity in future because this way of shopping will increase in future. Bad economic period is not over in many countries and people are still looking for cheap products (Kumar, 2008). Threats: The cost of making many consumer goods has fallen due to lower manufacturing costs. Production cost has dropped due to contracting out these products to low-cost regions of the World. This has led to price war, resulting in decreasing the price to very low level. Strong price competition in the global market a great threat to companys profitability. Local vendors do not welcome the arrival of Wal-Mart and it can face strong opposition. Rivalry from local stores is likely to increase as travel costs to Wal-Mart stores have been increased due to increase in fuel prices (Mujtaba Maxwell, 2011). Concept of Internationalisation: Internationalisation can be well-defined as the process and resources that businesses take part themselves into the foreign environments particularly overseas countries, cultures, beliefs or international structure of manufacture and marketing. According to Welch Luostarinen (1988) internationalisation is the procedure of external incremental drive in global operations. They propose seven extents for determining firms internationalisation: foreign operation methods, organizational structure, personnel, sales objectives, target markets, organizational capacity and finance. In the opinion of Penrose (1995), internationalisation is the direction of international business communication to encourage customers and clients to have chance and multiple choices of products that fulfil their requirements all around the globe. Through the business contact of these products or intangible services, firms sell goods all around the world. Those business actions that include more than two nations or stride more than two state boundaries can be called internationalised business no matter they are worked by the private company or the governmental firm. Internationalisation or globalization is the progression that organisations change business into international dimensions because of the global rivalry, the market growth and multination operation (Chetty Campbell 2004) Internationalisation Drivers: Generally globalization, technology advances and increased competition are the factors motivating firms to go into foreign markets. Thus, many multinational companies are motivated to operate worldwide and overlooking the national boundaries. It is acceptable to argue that drives to in to foreign markets differ from business to business. They may also depend on organisations functioning in diverse industries, from different national background and under dissimilar trade and industry systems. In addition to this, inspiration to go for internationalisation may also varies for firms because of their size, time period and strategy (Morrison,2006. P136). According to Slater Narver (1994) motivations of nay firm can be examined by considering the three key elements: internal and external environment, product and market situation. Luo (2000) argue that Capability possession is essentially important to gain competitive benefits and define firm-level approaches to exploit these advantages. He further says that to get the competitive rewards in the host country which cannot be attained at home is the major inspiration for the organisation to go overseas. International is essential to exploit the opportunities in emerging markets. Capability advancement is vital to the evolutionary growth of viable advantages and generating different packs of resources. Competent advantage is a needed for continued success in todays world economy categorised by growing technological advancement and business globalization. C:UsersDELLDocumentsInternational BusinessISMMy Assignment1-s2.0-S1090951600000432-gr1.jpg Figure 1.  Dynamic Capabilities in International Expansion: An Integrated Model. Source: Luo, Yadong (2000) Internationalisation is an attempt by an organization to make variations in its product and market approach. An internationalised company gather experience and knowledge through the globalised process. Many corporations prefer to go in other countries when there is an economic crisis in at home, whereas overseas market is emerging fast. When local clienteles are rushing overseas, firms follow to join in the global struggle in order that they do not lose these customers. Some companies also react to the penetration of external firms into the home market. Many firms take experimental decision towards the intercontinental market (Evers Menkhoff 2004). Firms may go into other countries to seek opportunities in foreign market. For instance, the globalisation of many Japanese companies was driven by the growth of domestic market. Many western and USA businesses are inspired by Chinas potentially vast market, less labour expenses and advancement of technology (Buckley et al., 2002). Why Invest in Qatar: Qatar is flourished from many years with constant high real GDP growth rate. It has worlds highest per-capital income in the world with the lowest unemployment rate. The country economy relies on its massive Oil and gas reserves. Now Qatar is taking advantage of its revenues from oil and gas in other economic sectors in order to expand its economic base and develop a strong private sector. Qatar is an active member of the World Trade organisation, Qatar has opened other segments of the economy to overseas investors and has flexible  investing policy.  Qatars successful 2022 world cup bid will also speed up the economic growth in the country (Qatar, 2013, online). For international companies, Qatar has much attraction such as: Modern network of roads and ports, as well as a state of the art airport Developed telecommunication network Peace and security with very low rate of crimes Political stable environment No discrimination for foreign investor and legal protection Land can be leased on nominal price Qatar exchange provides liquidity and numerous investment instruments through implementing world best practices Other incentives for international companies include sponsored or minimal rates for gas and electricity, no import duty on equipment, machine and spare parts for manufacturing schemes, tax exemptions on business and no export duty among others. Other benefits for employees include tax free wages, brilliant medical and educational facilities and highly advance telecommunication facilities (Qatars Investment Environment, n.d. online). Mode of Entry: Decisions regarding the means of an organizations entry to specific foreign markets are amongst the utmost important that its management will ever have to take. When an entrance mode in to host market has been selected, its execution has important inferences for a wide range of global marketing concerns. Certainly, a companys whole international marketing package might be significantly determined by how it selects to enter into foreign states. Thus, time and effort necessarily be dedicated to the decision-taking procedure, and widespread market investigation may be involve. In most of the circumstances the choice to enter a new market is a long-standing strategic choice. Thus it is a very vital and key step for corporations. The success of a companys global tasks depends greatly on the choice of entrance mode into a new market (Doole, 2008, p231) The OLI or eclectic approach to the study of foreign direct investment (FDI) developed by John Dunning is a particularly useful way of thinking about multinational enterprises (MNEs) and has motivated a great deal of useful work in economics and international business. According to this model a corporation must own three benefits while taking into account entry in a foreign market. These include ownership, location and internalization (Dunning, 1988). These benefits are the key source of inspiration and define the FDI firms entry strategy into new market. OLI stands for Ownership, Location, and Internalization, three potential sources of benefit that may motivate a firms choice to enter into international market. Ownership advantages discuss of why some companies but not others go overseas and propose that a successful international organisation has some firm-specific benefits which allow it to overcome the operational costs in a foreign country. Location advantages stress on the examination of where a firm chooses to locate. Finally, Internalisation states to the best interest of the businesses having ownership benefits to transfer them across national boundaries inside the company, rather than selling them or the right to use them to foreign firms (Buckley, 2011). Internet: The Internet is a new and innovative way to access the markets all around the globe for many organisations. There are many companies that have emerged as the Internet has advanced, as well as many old companies have adopted this new approach. For some corporations the Internet is an additional channel that improves or replaces their old-style networks. In any case internet has provided many new ways of business in the whole world (Palmer, 2012). Exporting: There are  two ways of exporting: direct  and  indirect. Direct exporting is straightforward. The firm creates an obligation to market in host country on its own behalf. I this way company can have better grip over its product and tasks in the foreign market. Other way of exporting is to employ agency at home which will handle all the exporting activities on the behalf of manufacture to get its product into and this way of exporting is called indirect export (Zahra et al 2000) Franchising: A overseas company take on the parents companys whole business setup in the local market and its name, logos, business approaches, premises, etc The franchisor also offers in return for a royalty and fee, a range of additional management facilities including training, practical advice and even financial assistance (Bennet 1999, p.312). Licensing In licensing, businesses signs an agreements with external businesses, which is also called license that permit the overseas firms to officially produce and sell the  companys goods and services. The foreign corporations will either buy the license and pay regular licensing fee or pay a part of their income over which is also called royalty. A lot manufacturing firms use this way to enter into foreign markets. It provides quick and inexpensive way of market entry, but provides them less control in market (Bennett Blythe 2002, p203) Joint Venture Joint Venture has become most popular mode of entry in past couple of decades. In this mode of entry two  businesses combine resources to sell products or services. Though joint ventures provide foreign companies with a partner knowledgeable in the foreign market, these partnerships can be problematic to manage and need a distribution of incomes (Cateora et al, 1999, ) Overseas Manufacturing or Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) A company may choose that none of the other choices are as feasible as completely possessing a  foreign business. The firm can invests directly into the overseas market. This is also identified as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The companies establish new business or might buy a current business that is suitable for his mission and strategic objective in the overseas market. The key advantage of this approach is that company becomes local and company can meet the demand and choice of the customer by gaining local market knowledge. The major drawback of this mode of entry is that it requires huge investment and investment risk involved in it (Shankar Luo 2007, p.297). Assessment of Modes of Entry in Qatar: Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. is an American  multinational  retail corporation that has number of department stores and warehouse stores. The company is worlds largest retailor and third largest multination organisation. It has more than 8,500 stores in 15 different of the world. It works in different countries with different names.   It runs in Mexico as  Walmex, in the UK as  Asda, in Japan as  Seiyu. It has recently started his business in India as Best Price. It has entirely owned subsidiaries in Argentina, Brazil, and Canada. LuLu Hypermarkets, is Gulf based retail stores and consider as a trend setter of the retail industry in  GCC including Qatar. Nowadays, LuLu represents excellence retailing with number stores and has been an immediate success with the perceptive shoppers across the country. In case of franchising a companys name, logos, business approaches and premises is compulsory to produce and market products or services. Where as in licensing, businesses sign contracts with external firm that permit the foreign firms to officially produce and sell the  companys goods and services. But these modes of entry are not feasible for Wal-Mart and LuLu. One corporation is global giant where as other has excellent position in the local market and they does not need to share the resources of each other. The purpose of the Wal-Mart is international expansion and gets the strategic advantage by getting into of worlds fastest growing economy. Product quality levels and lower revenues are major problems of licensing and franchising (Bennet 1999, pp.311-312).In Joint ventures organisation cannot take any particular choice independently. However, fast decisions are needed in ever changing international market. Conflicts are quite common in joint ventures and this monde of entry w ould also be not acceptable by Wal-Mart to enter into Qatar. Wal-Mart Strategic Takeover of Lulu Hypermarket (Assumption): Assumption: Wal-Mart will completely take over the lulu-Hypermarket after buying its 100% stake. Wal-Mart management will take over the full control and make independent decision. The Lulu-Hypermarket will work under the same name in the market only adding a part of Wal-Mart family. Now it will work under the management of worlds largest retailer with plenty of experience and skills in retailing. http://www.jeddahpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/lulu_hypermarket_jeddah.jpg A Part of Wal-Mart Family As a worlds leading retailer and having plenty of resources, Wal-Mart has the ability to buy the 100% stake of Lulu hypermarket and can make it its wholly owned subsidiary as it did about 13 years ago to enter into UK market by acquiring the ASDA. The Wal-Mart can enter into Qatar by using the same approach. This mode of entry is considered to be best when demand for the product seems to be certain. This market entry mode shows that the company has long term strategic plan. By owning LULU hypermarket, Wal-Mart can have following advantages (Bennett Blythe, 2002, p212): lower cost of production Local technical expertise and market knowledge Grants from Government Trained Staff Competitive Advantage Retailing have long-standing market potential in a comparatively politically stable state such as Qatar then having full possession will offer the level of control which is necessary to fully meet the companys strategic marketing intentions. This strategy is a tool to build a build an influential and strong presence in the global markets over a long period of time. In future the Wal-Mart can have huge market share and large profits in Qatari market, but this will not realised overnight. The Wal-Mart has to wait to become the market leader in the country. Sometimes it takes many years gaining an understanding of the local markets, customers and competition before making a major success in the market (Hitt et al 1995). Many multinational companies like Wal-Mart considering for speedy access to market and generate short term by exploiting the opportunity in the growing economy (Cullen Parboteeah 1999, pp.133-135). Takeover to Lulu Hypermarket will give the quick and complete access to the Qatars growing economy. Acquisition of Lulu will provide instant access to a skilled work force, existing customer and established supplier links, recognised brands to the customer, an established distribution network and a direct source of revenue. International Marketing: According to Griffith Hoppner (2013) marketing managers from all over the world are be aware of the growing requirement for their companies to improve the expertise, abilities and familiarity to enter effectively in global markets. The rise of a more open global market, the globalisation of buyer choices and the rapid growth of Internet, all has increased the interdependency and interconnections of countrys economies around the world. The Chartered Institute of Marketing defines marketing as the Management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably (Dann, 2010). Thus, marketing includes (Doole Lowe 2008, p.5): concentrating on the customer demands recognising the best way of customer satisfaction companys motivation to the process of providing that satisfaction Meeting organisational goals In international marketing the strategic components of this structure still apply and the conceptual structure is not going to alter to any noticeable degree when a firm moves into a foreign market. However, there are two key differences. First, there are different planes through which global marketing can be approached and, second, the uncontrollable circumstances of the international marketing environment. Therefore, international marketing is more complex, multidimensional and challenging (Doole Lowe 2008, pp.5-7). The Marketing Environment in Qatar: There are many environmental analysis models available to analysis the marketing environment of specific country. SLEPT approach is one of these and commonly used international marketing environment analysis through the social/cultural, legal, economic, political and technological dimension. http://cdn.grin.com/images/preview-object/document.114088/cadd82efe20d90c01ea65576b8a5c001_LARGE.png (Doole Lowe 2008, p.7) Social/cultural environment The social and cultural impacts on global marketing are vast. Changes in social circumstances, religion and way of living all have emotional impact on customers observations and purchases behaviour. These differences tell us that consumers across the globe either similar or different and defines the possible universal branding and standardisation. Cultural variances and particularly language changes and religious differences have a major effect on the way a product may be used in a market, such as product name and the advertising campaign (De Mooij, 2010,pp.31-37).  Wal-Mart is going to enter into a country where native language is Arabic. It would have to make sure that all the information about products also be given in Arabic. So that customer can have full facts about product. Another important aspect is that all the products must be halal and fulfil the requirement of Islamic law. These products particularly include meat and dairy or those in which these are used as ingredients. When any company transfers into another nation, it deals with people from different social environments and background. Social values that are important to one community may mean little to another. Existence of all these substantial differences must be kept in mind while making marketing strategy in new country. As the economy of Qatar is growing rapidly people love to go outside for shopping. For Wal-Mart, this social trend of shopping would definitely be helpful to get competitive advantage in the economy. People in Doha are always looking for those places where they can find everything at same place. Legal Environment: The host Countrys legal environment affects the international marketing operations of firms in many ways. A good manager will analyse the legal environment of the country in which the firm is going to operate (Jain, 1989). Good news for Wal-Mart is that is that Qatar has NO taxes. The country is tax free and very attractive place to invest. It can sell thousands of products on very cheap prices. Government of Qatar has made very flexible rule to invest in the country for international companies. Political Environment: Multinational companies such as Wal-Mart usually prefer to invest in a country with a stable and friendly government (Williams, 2006). But such ideal business environment is not easy to find particular in Arab region. But in Qatar the situation is entirely different. Qatari Government is stable and very strong. There is no political dispute or protest reported in recent years as it is happened in other countries of the same region. Economic Environment: The macro as well as micro components of economy has a significant impact on international marketing strategy. Qatar is growing from several years with continuous high real GDP growth rate which has made it a country with highest per capital income. Qatars economy depends on its enormous resources of oil and gas. Peoples living standard and purchasing power are very high. In such economic circumstances Wal-Mart has plenty of business opportunities in Qatar. Basically, the microeconomic environment concerns more with competition in the open market of a country (Jain, 1996, p.189-195). After taking over LULU-Hypermarket, Wal-Mart would not have any significant competitor in the market. Its purpose is international expansion in this way it can quickly expand its business in the region. Technological Environment: The influence of technological developments can be seen in all areas marketing. The capability to collect information on marketplaces, organisation control abilities and the feasibilities of carrying out the business globally have been modernised in recent years with the advances IT and telecommunication (Wilson Gilligan, 2012, pp.145-147). Qatar is a significant joining link in the world telecommunications system. In recent years, it has made outstanding development in the fields of communications, broadcasting, delivery services, roads airports and sea ports which make Qatar an excellent place to invest. Marketing mix: Wal-Mart pricing Strategy: Pricing is a most critical and composite variable in foreign marketing plans. Pricing strategy finally decides a companys capability to remain in an overseas market. The uncertainties in market or economy which are very difficult to predict such as production costs, demand, competition and many other factors fluctuate international price (Ferrell Hartline, 2010, pp.230). International pricing has several processes and complications. In case of Wal-Mart, its corporate headquarter in USA will make all the pricing decisions. Different price-setting tactics are open to them. But before making any decision they would need complete market research and a number of factors effect pricing policies including competitor approach in the market, dumping, and leasing. Marketing managers would work with their abilities through all these composite variables (Jain, 1996, pp.482) Why should people Buy in Qatar from Wal-Mart: A proposed Model Different Low Cost Focus on Niche Market Source: Made by student himself The international objective of Wal-Mart is to have retail prices at lowest possible cost and the corporation has been very successful to get this goal in the international market. A person can at least 15 present by shopping in Wal-Mart. Its excellent corporate culture and availability of advance technical expertise coupled with professionalism make it possible to achieve its ultimate goal of providing the lowest prices possible in the international market. Wal-Mart should ente