20 CCOT Essay Topics on Advertising in Cultural History

20 CCOT Essay Topics on Advertising in Cultural History The importance of choosing an essay topic you truly understand and are able to work on cannot be overstated when the task at hand is writing a continuity and change-over-time essay (CCOT). This is because of the technical details that must be considered when writing such an essay. To explain further, when writing a CCOT essay, the student must pay attention to the time periods of his subject matter such as when certain things had occurred, analyse the changes since then as well as areas where continuity has been noted. This means that a CCOT essay on advertising in cultural history must first go about discussing the history of an advertising medium or concept, proceed to discussing how the advertising medium or concept has changed over time as well as the factors that influenced these changes. Lastly, one must employ the use of the chosen historical concept to show the change and continuities that occurred over time. As you can see, writing a CCOT essay tests the student research and writing abilities in multiple ways. Therefore to successfully write your essay, you will need concrete and continuous facts to make your arguments and these facts can be found in this article on the 10 CCOT essay facts and advertising in cultural history. This article is intended to simplify your task in choosing a topic once your initial research has been completed and these are the 20 topics for today. 20 essay topics on advertising in cultural history: Historical Context in Advertising and its Growth Over Time Exploring the Similarities between Ancient and Modern Advertising Techniques Ancient and Modern Advertising: Comparing and Contrasting Techniques The Invention of New Media and Advertising History The Role of Media Inventions in Revolutionizing Advertising Discussing the Effectiveness of Billboards as an Advertising Tool A Study on Advertising and its Continuous Growth Analyzing Salesmanship in Print and New Media The Evolution of Advertising Making Sense of Advertisement and its Application Through the Ages The Origin of Branding and Its Effects on Society A Historical Analysis of Advertising and Women Objectification The Ever-Changing Face of Advertising in the Non-Profit Sector Comparing Online Advertising Reach to Print Media Children as Consumers: Studying Advertising Demographics Historical and Modern Analysis of Sexism in Advertising Shaping the American Woman: Feminism and Advertising in the US A Study on Advertising to Kids in the 21st Century The History and Evolution of the Advertising Industry Analyzing the Public Perception of Advertising through its History Here we come to the end of the 20 topics we believe should inspire you to write excellently on the topic of advertising in cultural history. These topics will be preceded by a CCOT essay developed from a topic chosen off this list. This written essay on the historical and modern analysis of sexism in advertising would provide some direction on how you should go about drafting yours in such a manner that guarantees you top marks. Sample CCOT Essay: Historical and Modern Analysis of Sexism in Advertising The time tested phrase ‘sex sells’ has played a huge role in advertising and marketing through the years as advertising firms fought to get consumers using products regardless of the morality of long-reaching effects of marketing campaigns. In the 90s advertising had witnessed an upsurge as more people became financially capable of purchasing consumer goods and sex was used in advertisement as a means to an end. As time passed, feminism and the increased social awareness of the average individual wrought some changes on the phrase and my essay will attempt to analyse the changes in advertising sexism and the roles society played in pushing these changes. With the advent of print media came a corresponding increase in advertising and in 1911, the first sexualized advert in the United States was created. This Woodbury Facial Soap advertisement named ‘A Skin You Love to Touch’, showed young women reclining on sofa’s while men ogled over the condition of their skin. A corresponding advert by Marlboro in 1955 created sexualized pictures of the ideal man and his smoking habits. Needless to say, these adverts led to highly increased sales of both products using subliminal messages to shape public perceptions. These adverts opened the floodgates and in the late 90s, the female form became the hallmark object for the advertising industry but this practice did not go unchallenged for long. In 1960, feminist groups were the first organized body of individuals to bring to the public’s notice the harmful effect of creating a pseudo perfect human appearance could have on an individual’s psyche. They pointed out how the use of models pushed women to pursue unrealistic goals and how glamorising smoking and alcohol intake led others into developing unhealthy vices. As more people became aware of how manipulative and sexist modern advertising trends were becoming, certain limitations were set by the (EPA) on the acceptable advert forms that can be displayed on both print and video media platforms. Some of these measures included the publishing and highlighting of the dangers of smoking in cigarettes advertisements as well as the viewership age restriction system on video ads. These checks on the excesses of traditional advertising formats that promoted sexism were positive to an extent for they reduced over sexualisation of the female form as well as what was considered appropriate to be shown on television. But despite this progress, forms of sexism in the advertising industry still continue as the female form is still been used to sell jewellery, clothing, sport items and perfumes. The advent of the internet as the new platform for advertising has also sprung some challenges for just about anyone can create and advertisement and there are no real ways to counter the use of inappropriate or sexist materials on the World Wide Web. In conclusion, sex still sells and it would take a concerted effort from both government organizations and stakeholders in the advertising industry to truly tackle the far-reaching effects of sexism. The above essay was written as a CCOT essay on advertising in cultural history. The last article in this series is written in tutorial form and provides tips on how to write a great CCOT essay on advertising in cultural history. References: Mustapha Momoh, M. (2013). Effect of Demographic Variables on Information Seeking Behaviour of Company Advertising Strategies in North-Eastern Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 9(3), pp.46-51. Dahlà ©n, M. Edenius, M. (2007). When is Advertising Advertising? Comparing Responses to Non-Traditional and Traditional Advertising Media. Journal of Current Issues Research in Advertising, 29(1), pp.33-42. CURTIS, R. (1986). Product Identification and Advertising on Roman Commercial Amphorae. Ancient Society, 17(0), pp.209-228. Feng, S. (2009). Talking about Ancient Chinese Commercial Advertising Styles. Asian Social Science, 5(12). Leclerc, F., Schmitt, B. and Dube, L. (1994). Foreign Branding and Its Effects on Product Perceptions and Attitudes. Journal of Marketing Research, 31(2), p.263. Cheong, Y., de Gregorio, F. and Kim, K. (2010). The Power of Reach and Frequency In the Age of Digital Advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 50(4), pp.403-415. Sridhar, S. and Sriram, S. (2007). Is Online Newspaper Advertising Cannibalizing Print Advertising?. SSRN Electronic Journal.

Evolutionary Psychology As A Unifying †Research Paper

Evolutionary Psychology As A Unifying – Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Evolutionary Psychology As A Unifying Research Paper In this essay I will assess evolutionary psychology (E.P) as a scientific research programme. I will outline the concept of a scientific research programme and the utility of discussing E.P in this manner. I will also give an outline of the origins of E.P, discussing on the one hand its fundamental principles and their auxiliary hypotheses and on the other the earliest work done in this spirit. I will discuss certain ambiguities and weaknesses present in the programme, those concerning reverse engineering, modularity, adaptation and the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (E.E.A). I will complete the discussion of Archer’s claim by assessing criticisms of E.P and their motivation, and providing some warning comments about progress and degeneration. E.P as a Scientific Research Programme Archer (2001) presents the hierarchical theoretic structure of E.P. as outlined by Buss (1990). His basic claim is that the fundamental principles of E.P are not being tested in empirical research; the role of these fundamental principles (the first and second level) is to generate ‘novel hypotheses’ (the second and third level) which are then empirically tested. To understand fully what is being claimed one needs at least a brief gloss on work done in Philosophy of Science in the latter part of the twentieth century. In his Conjectures and Refutations Karl Popper made what many consider to be a key move in the justification of scientific method. His suggestion was that science follows a ‘hypothetico-deductive’ system. Rather than being an attempt to prove theories inductively from set of relevant observations, a more stable characterisation (which would also account for the success of scientific theories) would be as follows: hypotheses are deduced from theories; these hypotheses generate predictions which are submitted to rigorous tests; any observations which violate these predictions refute the theory via a retransmission of falsity under the logical law of modus tollens. Theories are conjectures which stand only until falsified; the wider the range of predictions and the more rigorous the test, the better the theory. (Popper, 1972) One problem noted by one of Popper’s students, David Miller (in his Critical Rationalism), is the lack of any theory of verisimilitude. Given that there is no way of identifying a specific set of all the hypotheses a theory may generate in potentia there is no way of knowing which un-refuted theory is objectively better, and thus closer to the truth, than its contemporaries. (Miller, 1994) An alternative view presented by Kuhn in his Structure of Scientific Revolutions is that ‘normal science’ consists of ‘paradigms’, which are themselves dependent upon historical factors such as their socio-political context. Unfortunately Kuhn’s use of the ‘paradigm’ is fairly ambiguous and whilst it is useful for talking about dramatic changes in accepted scientific thought e.g. the ‘Williams revolution’ in evolutionary biology, it is unclear whether it can be specifically applied to E.P. Kuhn recognising this ambiguity changed the term to disciplinary matrix or matrices (Kuhn, 1970, 1977). However, some e.g. Buller Hardcastle (2001) read ‘paradigm’ as a shared and unquestioned framework of theory, methodology, and exemplars (specific explanations that serve as models for further scientific research) and believe E.P may be represented in this way. I am unconvinced that they have wrestled with the ambiguities a nd will argue that a Lakatosian ‘scientific research programme’ (S.R.P) is closer to Archer’s representation of E.P as a â€Å"research agenda† and can better account for the diversity within the field (Archer 2001, p414). Imre Lakatos, also a student and colleague of Popper (but sympathetic the idea that history is a key factor in considering the nature of scientific research), proposed the idea that an S.R.P is characterised by a continuity which ties together its members: the metaphysical ‘hard-core’. The hard-core is metaphysical in the Popperian sense that it is not subject to refutation by empirical testing. Within the hard-core are the central theoretic principles from which auxiliary hypotheses are deduced. In E.P. the hard-core, at the very least, certainly comprises the principle that species evolve through genetic inheritance, mutation and differential selection: Darwinian evolution. It would also include certain Neo-Darwinian ethological principles such as Trivers’ theory of reciprocal altruism, Hamilton’s theory of kin selection and Maynard Smith’s application of ‘game theory’ to evolution. The inclusion of these is indicated by the words imme diately following the title quote â€Å"natural selection has made us this way† (Archer 2001, p414). Note that these theories are empirically testable, however what is important in the context of E.P as an S.R.P is that they are tested elsewhere (they are the auxiliary hypotheses of other S.R.P’s); the experiments conducted under the banner of E.P serve to test the auxiliary hypotheses which form a protective belt around the hard-core (Archer 2001, p415). This, I hope, will add some depth to Archers comment that it is a â€Å"fundamental misconception† about E.P research to believe â€Å"that in each case the evolutionary view is being tested† (Archer 2001, p416). The auxiliary hypotheses are interpretations of the hard-core with specified empirically observable predictions from which experiments may be constructed. If the predictions are falsified by experimental observations the relevant auxiliary hypotheses will be discarded as false interpretations of the core. A degenerative S.R.P is one which is continually forced to discard auxiliary hypotheses, thus reducing the range of empirical prediction and continually reinterpreting the hard-core. A progressive S.R.P is one which continually increases the range of empirical prediction through the survival of auxiliary hypotheses and the generation of novel hypotheses from the former. The Santa Barbara School and the early auxiliary hypotheses In the light of this discussion we can more clearly discern what might be characteristic features of E.P and see whether it does what Archer proclaims. Here I will examine the claim that the early writings and mission statements of Leda Cosmides and John Tooby provides the â€Å"defining features of the field† (Laland Brown (2002)). Together with Donald Symons, who brought them to the University of Santa Barbara, this group of researchers will be referred to as the ‘Santa Barbara School’ for the sake of convenience. Cosmides Toobys views on the nature of E.P seem to be in the same spirit as Archers rather general statement (serving as title for this paper), as shown the following quote: â€Å"Evolutionary psychology is an approach to psychology, in which knowledge and principles from evolutionary biology are put to use in research on the structure of the human mind.† (Cosmides Tooby, 1997) One noteworthy disparity between the Santa Barbara School and Archer (and perhaps also Buss, see Laland Brown (2002) p158) seems to be the extent to which they emphasise a computational theory of mind. Archer uses the word mechanism freely but without committing himself to any clear statement of his stance upon the functionality of the mind. Cosmides and Tooby on the other hand clearly emphasise that they take mind to be an information processing machine consisting of circuits operating programs which manifest adaptations: â€Å"When evolutionary psychologists refer to the mind, they mean the set of information-processing devices, embodied in the human brainthe programs comprising the human mind were designed by natural selection to solve the adaptive problems faced by our hunter-gatherer ancestors.† (Cosmides 2001) Thus we should exhibit evolutionary adaptations in our behaviour and cognitive abilities. An apparent thesis of the Santa Barbara School is what might be called hyper-modularity. Fodor originally introduced the idea of modularity to the Philosophy of Mind in arguing that the areas of mind involved in perception have certain pointed and discrete functional properties and are thus domain-specific whilst the rest of the mind may be a domain general problem solving machine (Fodor, 1983). A crucial feature of these modules is informational encapsulation; the module is only privy to the very specific information related to its function and does not access information processed in other parts of the brain. The Santa Barbara School adopt the idea of domain-specific modules whilst seemingly rejecting the idea that the mind may be domain-general. It is useful to understand this as a reaction to what they referred to as the Standard Social Science Model (SSSM), which retained what they considered a dogmatic view (inherited from the 17th and 18th century empiricists) of the mind as w hite paper to be written upon by social cultural and physical experience and so must be domain general (as it begins with no information regarding the problems it may face). A quote from Symon illustrates their view: â€Å"It is no more probable that some sort of general-purpose brain/mind mechanism could solve all the behavioural problems an organism faces (find food, choose a mate,select a habitat, etc.) than it is that some sort of general-purpose organ could perform all physiological functions (pump blood, digest food, nourish an embryo, etc.)† (Symons, 1997 as cited in Buller Hardcastle, 2000) To understand what problems these domain-specific modules have adapted to solve one must be familiar with the environment in which they evolved. Evolution takes a long time, only comprehensible in terms of thousands of generations. Cosmides and Tooby suggest, following Bowlby, that we have not significantly evolved since the time when our hunter-gather ancestors roamed the African Savannah in roughly the Pleistocene period; this would be the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (E.E.A) and only in reference to this, rather than our post-agricultural/technological-revolution modern day world, may we understand present day adaptations. Thus we have a stone-age mind in a space age world, but â€Å"the past explains the present† , and we must reverse-engineer to understand a particular trait or disposition (Cosmides Tooby, 1990; Pinker, 1997 cited in Archer, 2001). Cosmides (1989) doctoral dissertation provides an illustration of the methods proposed above. Following the principle of reciprocal altruism and the idea that its effective function requires an ability to detect cheats to the rules of reciprocation (i.e. in solution to the free-rider problem), Cosmides designed a series of elegant experiments using the Wason selection task to test the hypothesis that humans possess a cheater detection module adapted to solve this problem. The data showed that even where subjects had training in formal logic 75% failed the task when in an abstract form, whereas 75% got it right when it was presented in a social form in which subjects had to detect cheats to a social rule (both tasks had the same logical form). This indicated that the subjects possessed a cheater detection module that was not party to the subjects knowledge of logic in a separate stream of the brain. In sum, we have a number of auxiliary hypotheses detailed above that have been interpreted from the hard-core which we established earlier. These are that the mind functions as a computer with discrete domain-specific modules, we will exhibit evolved adaptations in our behaviour and cognition our adaptations were selected for in an environment vastly different from that which most of us currently live in to understand these we must focus upon the E.E.A I shall give brief criticisms of each of these. Ambiguities, weaknesses, criticisms of E.P, degeneration and progress. I shall not address the concept of a computational theory in general but rather the specific modularity thesis. There are two initial points: firstly a modular theory of mind does not necessitate a mind composed of entirely domain specific modules – as Fodor (1983) suggests, there may be informationally encapsulated modules which do not interact with the rest of a domain general mind; secondly whilst Cosmides early conclusions at least require some domain-specific/informationally encapsulated modules there is little to suggest that this precludes them being a part of a domain-general mind. In fact there seems to be evidence that some psychological traits are domain-general, and when pushed upon the matter Cosmides and Tooby agree, pointing to their own recent work which indicates just this, making it somewhat ambiguous what their stance is. Work done by Ramachandran and others has shown that hand-gesturing in babies comes before the use of language, gesticulation experiences are reported by phantom limb patients when communicating, blind persons use the same gestures in the same manner as sighted persons, sighted persons still gesticulate when talking to blind persons and subjects recall details of a story better when allowed to gesticulate. All of which indicates that gesticulation may not be a culturally learned behavioural trait but rather a tool for the speakers language use. This is in turn would indicate that there is a dynamic interaction between brain areas involved in language and those involved in motor control; this is a direct criticism of Pinkers arguments that there are discrete language modules and of hyper-modularity in general (Badcock, 2000, pp23 25). Adaptations are a point of controversy within Darwinian theory. Darwins own comments seem to suggest that an adaptation selected to solve a specific problem may be an illusion or very heavy interpretation of what is really just an amalgam of surviving parts (see quotation in Badcock pp 22 23). Also Williams warns against regarding something as an adaptation prematurely, stating that the criterion for regarding a feature of an organism as adaptive (and if so what it was originally adaptive to) are far too unclear, as such he warns that we should only regard something as adaptation when we have exhausted all other possibilities. There seems to be a problem here for the reverse engineering thesis that presumes we can glean semantic properties (the why) rather than just causal properties (the how) from our analysis of whether a particular behaviour or ability is adaptive (Badcock, 2000, pp18 19). Having anything interesting to say about the E.E.A may be precluded by the difficulty of being able to say with confidence that something is an adaptation rather than an epiphenomenon of other other unnoticed adaptations. This aside it is not particularly clear what exactly the E.E.A is; denoting a general time-period and place does not get us far in having a working model. Cosmides and Tooby (1990) have attempted to provide something more definitive: â€Å"it is a statistical composite of the adaptation relevant properties of the ancestral environments encountered by members of ancestral populations, weighted by their frequency and their fitness consequences.†(as cited in Laland Brown 2000 pp179) Yet this does not denote a particular ancestral population or even a particular time period which would mark key stages in our evolution of certain adaptations (Laland Brown, 2000) The idea of an E.E.A and focus on the general hunter-gatherer concept also gives a misleadingly static view of evolution in the surrounding time periods. In addition, to say that we are maladapted to our current environment is akin to saying that the hunter gatherers, being originally vegetarians, were maladapted to theirs. It seems a moot point to argue focus upon one environment rather than another. A few things must be noted in conclusion. Firstly very few of the criticisms above are decisive or even arguments. To do this effectively one would have to level each against all the diverse work done in the field. But the line of attack is clear; if the auxiliary hypotheses cannot achieve the generality they purport or worse still their predictions are disconfirmed then they will have to be reinterpreted in order that the programme may survive. If reinterpretation persists then the field should be considered degenerative. But if it can field all the criticisms and make new predictions, progress must be noted. One thing that is omitted above is a proper treatment of the diversity of research done in this field, as I have tried to look at the bigger picture. The picture is overall a highly deterministic one and rejecting this aspect is a common motivation for some of the more valid criticisms. Rose Rose point out that there is no account taken of plasticity and the dynamic complex nature of living systems (Archer, 2001 pp428 429). And as a final note, volitional action is still considered one of the things that makes us human, our behaviour seems under-determined by genetic mechanisms, something may be being left out. Bibliography: General note to reader: Where philosophical literature has been cited, exact page references have been omitted intentionally, in the belief that all references made are simply interpretations of their work. If my interpretation is deemed correct, the insight belongs to the referee, if deemed incorrect then I am simply mistaken. Archer, J. et al. (2001) Evolving Theories of Behaviour, in ‘The Psychologist’, 14(8): 414 431. Badcock, C.R. (2000) Evolutionary Psychology: a critical introduction; Blackwell, Polity Press Buss, D.E. (1990) – Evolutionary Social Psychology: prospects and pitfalls; in ‘Motivation and Emotion’, 14: 265-286. Buller Hardcastle (2000) Evolutionary Psychology, Meet Developmental Neurobiology: Against Promiscuous Modularity; in ‘Brain and Mind’ 1: 307–325: Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Cosmides Tooby (1997) Evolutionary Psychology: a primer: (psych.ucsb.edu/research/cep/primer.html) Copyright John Tooby and Leda Cosmides, Updated January 13, 1997 Cosmides, L. (1989) The Logic of Social Exchange: has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task; in Cognition 31: 187-276 (2001) Interview with Alvaro Fischer and Roberto Araya for the Chilean newspaper El Mercurio (psych.ucsb.edu/research/cep/ledainterview.htm); part of a project entitled New Paradigms at the Beginning of the Third Millenium. Fodor, J. (1983) The Modularity of Mind: an essay on faculty psychology Cambridge, Mass. ; London : MIT Press Hume, D (1975) Enquiries Concerning Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals; L.A Selby-Bigge: Third Edition, Oxford, Clarendon Press. Kuhn, T. S (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions; Second edition: Chicago, University of Chicago Press. (1977) The Essential Tension. Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press . Lakatos, I. (1976) Proofs and refutations: the logic of mathematical discovery; edited by John Worrall and Elie Zahar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Laland Brown (2002) Sense and Nonsense: evolutionary perspectives on human behaviour; Clarendon, Oxford University Press. Miller, D. (1994) – Critical Rationalism: a restatement and defence; Chicago: Open court Popper, K. (1972) Conjectures and Refutations; Fourth Edition: Routledge Kegan Paul Limited Research Papers on Evolutionary Psychology As A Unifying - Research PaperThree Concepts of PsychodynamicEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenResearch Process Part OneGenetic EngineeringOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesStandardized TestingAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Effects of WWII on Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Effects of WWII on Canada - Essay Example Historical records show that over 50 countries participated in the war and the effects were felt in the whole world. Fighting took place in nearly all parts of the world and in every continent except for Antarctica. The chief battlegrounds for the war included Europe, Asia, the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, Mediterranean Sea, and North Africa. Even though historians seem not to agree entirely on the exact date when the war started, most of them consider that the invasion of Poland by Germany on September 1, 1939 without warning marked the beginning of the World War II. By September 3rd, the war had gained more momentum as France and Britain were at war with Germany. Within a week after the war had began, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, and Australia had joined the war. Six years of total war then followed, being fought over numerous kilometres. The war was fought on land, in the air, and on the sea (Zuehlke 2004). It should be noted that although many countries were involved in the World War II, major world powers were the main players as they sought for global domination. Other countries like Canada and New Zealand were just backing their dominant allies based on certain factors such as territorial and historical. It should not be lost that such involvement, although not in the scale of major world powers, resulted to more effects on these countries than in countries that played very passive or no role at all during the war. It is against this background that it is necessary to understand what effects that these countries faced. This essay will focus specifically on the effects of World War II on Canada. Before evaluating the effects of World War II on Canada, it is important to highlight the effects of the war upon the major world powers, the non- European world, international organizations, and science and technology. Understanding effects on the aforementioned countries and aspects is very crucial because the

Book report; schlesinger, The Distinguishing of America Term Paper

Book report; schlesinger, The Distinguishing of America - Term Paper Example he thesis that the emphasis on ethnic awareness, especially among public school, is a mistake; that instead of students studying the history that will unite America, they would be studying the history of his or her ethnic origin that is not even a historical fact. According to him, â€Å"the purpose of history is to promote not group self-esteem, but understanding of the world and the past, dispassionate analysis, judgment, and perspective, respect for divergent cultures and traditions, and unflinching protection for those unifying ideas of tolerance, democracy, and human rights that make free historical inquiry possible† (Schlesinger 104). In pushing for his thesis, Schlesinger argued that it is really not beneficial for Afro-Americans to study the history of an ethnic group or country which they have no cultural ties. He used the example of W.E.B. Du Bois to illustrate the detachment of the present generation of Afro-Americans to Africa as saying that â€Å"neither my father nor my father’s father ever saw Africa, or knew its meaning or cared overmuch for it† (Schlesinger 88). Even quoting the great Afro-American civil rights activist Martin Luther King as â€Å"we know nothing of Africa† (Schlesinger 89). In Schlesinger assertion, this can even lead to a distorted sense of history and cultural crisis as students would tend to study the essays written by the likes of Afrocentric writers such as Asa Hilliard and John Henrik Clarke, whose assertion that Africa is the â€Å"mother of Western civilization† has no historical basis, that is grounded more on fiction than documented fact. While it is agreeable that it is very important to study the history and the traditional canon of one’s country of birth (America), the tragedies that molded it, or the nuances of its cultural orientation, the assertion of Schlesinger that extending the historical study to other ethnic roots could distort one’s cultural image or sense of history is rather simplistic. It

Global Marketing Strategy Is A Part Of Company Management Essay

Global Marketing Strategy Is A Part Of Company Management Essay Global marketing strategy is a part of companys whole corporate strategy and includes such issues as product positioning, branding policies, selection of target markets and modes for entering to, which media to use for promotional campaigns, and so on. A global marketing plan is a way for guiding the overall route of global campaigns. It requires to include choices regarding media combinations, whether to use a marketing agency and, if so, for which purposes and to what degree, and whether to challenge or sidestep from competitors when operating in overseas markets. Corporate and global marketing strategies are closely intertwined (Bennett Blythe 2002, p.15). Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. is an American  international  retail company that has number of department stores and warehouse stores in USA and worldwide. It is the worlds largest retailor and third largest multination company. It has more than 8,500 stores in 15 different of the world. It works in different countries with different names.   LuLu Hypermarkets, is Gulf based retail stores and considers as a trend setter of the retail industry in  GCC including Qatar. Nowadays, LuLu represents excellence retailing with number stores and has been an immediate success with the perceptive shoppers across the country. Multinational corporations including Wal-Mart want to quickly access the international market and exploit the opportunities in the rapidly growing economies such as Qatar (Cullen Parboteeah 1999, pp.133-135). Takeover the Lulu will give the quick and complete access to the Qatars growing economy. By acquisition of Lulu, Wal-Mart can expend its international operations. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (Wal-Mart), started on October 31, 1969, is an American multinational company, runs retail stores in various layouts around the world. Companys pricing philosophy is to provide products to customer at lowest possible price. The Companys works in three corporate divisions: the Wal-Mart U.S. segment, the Wal-Mart International segment, and the Sams Club segment. In fiscal year 2012, Wal-Mart U.S. segment generated approximately 60% of its net sales from number of its stores in all 50 states in USA and Puerto Rico, as well as Wal-Marts online selling activities. Wal-Mart International division involves in retail activities in 26 different countries. During fiscal 2012, this overseas division produced about 28% of its net sales. The Wal-Mart Worldwide segment comprises a variety of layouts of retail stores, restaurants and online selling, which function outside the USA (Wal-Mart  n.d. online) The Corporation is involved in the retail activities located all over the United States; its entirely retained firms in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, Japan and the United Kingdom; its majority retained holdings in Chile, Mexico, 12 countries in Africa, and five countries in Central America. The retail giant has joint ventures in India and the China and some fully owned subsidiaries. The Wal-Mart U.S. division contains the Firms mass mercantile idea under the Wal-Mart or Wal-Mart brand. The Wal-Mart Global segment involves of the Businesss operations outside of the USA. The primarily listed on the NYSE, but it is also traded on 13 other exchanges in 6 different countries. From many years Wal-Mart Stores Inc. revenue is growing. Last year it grew at 4.97% from 446.95bn to 469.16bn while net income improved 8.28% from 15.70bn to 17.00bn. LuLu Hypermarket LuLu Hypermarket, the retail division of the multidimensional EMKE Group has always been recognised as a trend setter of the retail industry in Arab region. LuLu shopping centres are modern and adding all possible requirements of the customers under one roof. LuLu Hypermarkets have widely arranged out counters, extensive parking spaces, play zones for kids, food places, money conversation and bank counters as well a display of global and local products appropriately justifying details. It is the most preferable shopping place in Qatar. SWOT Analysis: An overview: SWOT analysis is a scan of internal and external environment of an organization and a vital part of the strategic planning process and decision making. Environmental factors internally touches to the firm usually classified as strengths (S) or weaknesses (W) whereas those externally affects to the firm can be said as opportunities (O) or threats (T) . An organizations strengths are its means and competences that can be used to develop a competitive benefit whereas lack of these capabilities may be looked as weaknesses. The external environmental analysis tells us about the availability of new opportunities for income and progression in to new and existing market. All the external factors which can affect organisation performance are regarded as threats (Johnson et al. 2011, p74). SWOT Analysis of Wal-Mart: Strength Wal-Mart Stores, Inc is the world largest    global retail corporation. It runs hundreds of discount department stores, hypermarkets, supermarket, grocery stores and warehouse in different region of the world. According to the  Fortune Global 500  list in 2012 this multinational giant was ranked as third largest corporation in the world. The company is also leading private employer  in the international market having more than two million employees. The operations of the corporation are wide spread and there is no international competitor of this size (Wal-Mart Stores, online) One of the core competences of the Wal-Mart is to use the information technology and software to maintain its international logistics system. For instance, it can be seen how distinct goods execute in different countries, within one country and store-by-store at one look. In addition to the retail market controller, it has the ability of repeating its greatest activities frequently around the  globe. Wal-Mart has a very good standing for worth for money, accessibility and a wide-ranging range product portfolio all in at one place. This competitive advantage has created its constructive financial success and market share globally. Moreover, its leading position and the diversity of products permits it to rapidly differentiate the products, which allows it to encounter the demand and give benefits from increased trades. This kind of elasticity and impact enables it to uphold its dominant market position (Farhoomand Wang, 2006). Weaknesses Wal-Mart is a huge  vendor and runs hypermarkets which need large space for existing and every new stock. This restricts its growth in inner-city areas where limited space is available. It has been seen its sales in USA have reduced for eight constant quarters because of availability of less space. Therefore, it has become more essential for Wal-Mart to originate new set up which helps to increase its revenue and which is more appropriate to the city areas. Its competitors such as Tesco are planning to come up with such new strategy of market place to cater more and more segments of customer. If they accomplish to be successful in the market then Wal-Mart will likely to have a competitive disadvantage. Wal-Mart sells many low price products but customers often concerned about the quality of products. Many times it involved in non-compliance to environmental dispute which cost the company huge sums of money (Mujtaba Maxwell, 2011) Opportunities Wal-Mart has been growing its presence in emerging economies such as India, china and Brazil. It is estimated that due to rapid economic growth, consumers in these countries developing would have double by 2015. Therefore, this will create a great opportunity for  Wal-Mart for its international growing trend. Growth of ecommerce and buying through the internet is a big opportunity in future because this way of shopping will increase in future. Bad economic period is not over in many countries and people are still looking for cheap products (Kumar, 2008). Threats: The cost of making many consumer goods has fallen due to lower manufacturing costs. Production cost has dropped due to contracting out these products to low-cost regions of the World. This has led to price war, resulting in decreasing the price to very low level. Strong price competition in the global market a great threat to companys profitability. Local vendors do not welcome the arrival of Wal-Mart and it can face strong opposition. Rivalry from local stores is likely to increase as travel costs to Wal-Mart stores have been increased due to increase in fuel prices (Mujtaba Maxwell, 2011). Concept of Internationalisation: Internationalisation can be well-defined as the process and resources that businesses take part themselves into the foreign environments particularly overseas countries, cultures, beliefs or international structure of manufacture and marketing. According to Welch Luostarinen (1988) internationalisation is the procedure of external incremental drive in global operations. They propose seven extents for determining firms internationalisation: foreign operation methods, organizational structure, personnel, sales objectives, target markets, organizational capacity and finance. In the opinion of Penrose (1995), internationalisation is the direction of international business communication to encourage customers and clients to have chance and multiple choices of products that fulfil their requirements all around the globe. Through the business contact of these products or intangible services, firms sell goods all around the world. Those business actions that include more than two nations or stride more than two state boundaries can be called internationalised business no matter they are worked by the private company or the governmental firm. Internationalisation or globalization is the progression that organisations change business into international dimensions because of the global rivalry, the market growth and multination operation (Chetty Campbell 2004) Internationalisation Drivers: Generally globalization, technology advances and increased competition are the factors motivating firms to go into foreign markets. Thus, many multinational companies are motivated to operate worldwide and overlooking the national boundaries. It is acceptable to argue that drives to in to foreign markets differ from business to business. They may also depend on organisations functioning in diverse industries, from different national background and under dissimilar trade and industry systems. In addition to this, inspiration to go for internationalisation may also varies for firms because of their size, time period and strategy (Morrison,2006. P136). According to Slater Narver (1994) motivations of nay firm can be examined by considering the three key elements: internal and external environment, product and market situation. Luo (2000) argue that Capability possession is essentially important to gain competitive benefits and define firm-level approaches to exploit these advantages. He further says that to get the competitive rewards in the host country which cannot be attained at home is the major inspiration for the organisation to go overseas. International is essential to exploit the opportunities in emerging markets. Capability advancement is vital to the evolutionary growth of viable advantages and generating different packs of resources. Competent advantage is a needed for continued success in todays world economy categorised by growing technological advancement and business globalization. C:UsersDELLDocumentsInternational BusinessISMMy Assignment1-s2.0-S1090951600000432-gr1.jpg Figure 1.  Dynamic Capabilities in International Expansion: An Integrated Model. Source: Luo, Yadong (2000) Internationalisation is an attempt by an organization to make variations in its product and market approach. An internationalised company gather experience and knowledge through the globalised process. Many corporations prefer to go in other countries when there is an economic crisis in at home, whereas overseas market is emerging fast. When local clienteles are rushing overseas, firms follow to join in the global struggle in order that they do not lose these customers. Some companies also react to the penetration of external firms into the home market. Many firms take experimental decision towards the intercontinental market (Evers Menkhoff 2004). Firms may go into other countries to seek opportunities in foreign market. For instance, the globalisation of many Japanese companies was driven by the growth of domestic market. Many western and USA businesses are inspired by Chinas potentially vast market, less labour expenses and advancement of technology (Buckley et al., 2002). Why Invest in Qatar: Qatar is flourished from many years with constant high real GDP growth rate. It has worlds highest per-capital income in the world with the lowest unemployment rate. The country economy relies on its massive Oil and gas reserves. Now Qatar is taking advantage of its revenues from oil and gas in other economic sectors in order to expand its economic base and develop a strong private sector. Qatar is an active member of the World Trade organisation, Qatar has opened other segments of the economy to overseas investors and has flexible  investing policy.  Qatars successful 2022 world cup bid will also speed up the economic growth in the country (Qatar, 2013, online). For international companies, Qatar has much attraction such as: Modern network of roads and ports, as well as a state of the art airport Developed telecommunication network Peace and security with very low rate of crimes Political stable environment No discrimination for foreign investor and legal protection Land can be leased on nominal price Qatar exchange provides liquidity and numerous investment instruments through implementing world best practices Other incentives for international companies include sponsored or minimal rates for gas and electricity, no import duty on equipment, machine and spare parts for manufacturing schemes, tax exemptions on business and no export duty among others. Other benefits for employees include tax free wages, brilliant medical and educational facilities and highly advance telecommunication facilities (Qatars Investment Environment, n.d. online). Mode of Entry: Decisions regarding the means of an organizations entry to specific foreign markets are amongst the utmost important that its management will ever have to take. When an entrance mode in to host market has been selected, its execution has important inferences for a wide range of global marketing concerns. Certainly, a companys whole international marketing package might be significantly determined by how it selects to enter into foreign states. Thus, time and effort necessarily be dedicated to the decision-taking procedure, and widespread market investigation may be involve. In most of the circumstances the choice to enter a new market is a long-standing strategic choice. Thus it is a very vital and key step for corporations. The success of a companys global tasks depends greatly on the choice of entrance mode into a new market (Doole, 2008, p231) The OLI or eclectic approach to the study of foreign direct investment (FDI) developed by John Dunning is a particularly useful way of thinking about multinational enterprises (MNEs) and has motivated a great deal of useful work in economics and international business. According to this model a corporation must own three benefits while taking into account entry in a foreign market. These include ownership, location and internalization (Dunning, 1988). These benefits are the key source of inspiration and define the FDI firms entry strategy into new market. OLI stands for Ownership, Location, and Internalization, three potential sources of benefit that may motivate a firms choice to enter into international market. Ownership advantages discuss of why some companies but not others go overseas and propose that a successful international organisation has some firm-specific benefits which allow it to overcome the operational costs in a foreign country. Location advantages stress on the examination of where a firm chooses to locate. Finally, Internalisation states to the best interest of the businesses having ownership benefits to transfer them across national boundaries inside the company, rather than selling them or the right to use them to foreign firms (Buckley, 2011). Internet: The Internet is a new and innovative way to access the markets all around the globe for many organisations. There are many companies that have emerged as the Internet has advanced, as well as many old companies have adopted this new approach. For some corporations the Internet is an additional channel that improves or replaces their old-style networks. In any case internet has provided many new ways of business in the whole world (Palmer, 2012). Exporting: There are  two ways of exporting: direct  and  indirect. Direct exporting is straightforward. The firm creates an obligation to market in host country on its own behalf. I this way company can have better grip over its product and tasks in the foreign market. Other way of exporting is to employ agency at home which will handle all the exporting activities on the behalf of manufacture to get its product into and this way of exporting is called indirect export (Zahra et al 2000) Franchising: A overseas company take on the parents companys whole business setup in the local market and its name, logos, business approaches, premises, etc The franchisor also offers in return for a royalty and fee, a range of additional management facilities including training, practical advice and even financial assistance (Bennet 1999, p.312). Licensing In licensing, businesses signs an agreements with external businesses, which is also called license that permit the overseas firms to officially produce and sell the  companys goods and services. The foreign corporations will either buy the license and pay regular licensing fee or pay a part of their income over which is also called royalty. A lot manufacturing firms use this way to enter into foreign markets. It provides quick and inexpensive way of market entry, but provides them less control in market (Bennett Blythe 2002, p203) Joint Venture Joint Venture has become most popular mode of entry in past couple of decades. In this mode of entry two  businesses combine resources to sell products or services. Though joint ventures provide foreign companies with a partner knowledgeable in the foreign market, these partnerships can be problematic to manage and need a distribution of incomes (Cateora et al, 1999, ) Overseas Manufacturing or Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) A company may choose that none of the other choices are as feasible as completely possessing a  foreign business. The firm can invests directly into the overseas market. This is also identified as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The companies establish new business or might buy a current business that is suitable for his mission and strategic objective in the overseas market. The key advantage of this approach is that company becomes local and company can meet the demand and choice of the customer by gaining local market knowledge. The major drawback of this mode of entry is that it requires huge investment and investment risk involved in it (Shankar Luo 2007, p.297). Assessment of Modes of Entry in Qatar: Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. is an American  multinational  retail corporation that has number of department stores and warehouse stores. The company is worlds largest retailor and third largest multination organisation. It has more than 8,500 stores in 15 different of the world. It works in different countries with different names.   It runs in Mexico as  Walmex, in the UK as  Asda, in Japan as  Seiyu. It has recently started his business in India as Best Price. It has entirely owned subsidiaries in Argentina, Brazil, and Canada. LuLu Hypermarkets, is Gulf based retail stores and consider as a trend setter of the retail industry in  GCC including Qatar. Nowadays, LuLu represents excellence retailing with number stores and has been an immediate success with the perceptive shoppers across the country. In case of franchising a companys name, logos, business approaches and premises is compulsory to produce and market products or services. Where as in licensing, businesses sign contracts with external firm that permit the foreign firms to officially produce and sell the  companys goods and services. But these modes of entry are not feasible for Wal-Mart and LuLu. One corporation is global giant where as other has excellent position in the local market and they does not need to share the resources of each other. The purpose of the Wal-Mart is international expansion and gets the strategic advantage by getting into of worlds fastest growing economy. Product quality levels and lower revenues are major problems of licensing and franchising (Bennet 1999, pp.311-312).In Joint ventures organisation cannot take any particular choice independently. However, fast decisions are needed in ever changing international market. Conflicts are quite common in joint ventures and this monde of entry w ould also be not acceptable by Wal-Mart to enter into Qatar. Wal-Mart Strategic Takeover of Lulu Hypermarket (Assumption): Assumption: Wal-Mart will completely take over the lulu-Hypermarket after buying its 100% stake. Wal-Mart management will take over the full control and make independent decision. The Lulu-Hypermarket will work under the same name in the market only adding a part of Wal-Mart family. Now it will work under the management of worlds largest retailer with plenty of experience and skills in retailing. http://www.jeddahpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/lulu_hypermarket_jeddah.jpg A Part of Wal-Mart Family As a worlds leading retailer and having plenty of resources, Wal-Mart has the ability to buy the 100% stake of Lulu hypermarket and can make it its wholly owned subsidiary as it did about 13 years ago to enter into UK market by acquiring the ASDA. The Wal-Mart can enter into Qatar by using the same approach. This mode of entry is considered to be best when demand for the product seems to be certain. This market entry mode shows that the company has long term strategic plan. By owning LULU hypermarket, Wal-Mart can have following advantages (Bennett Blythe, 2002, p212): lower cost of production Local technical expertise and market knowledge Grants from Government Trained Staff Competitive Advantage Retailing have long-standing market potential in a comparatively politically stable state such as Qatar then having full possession will offer the level of control which is necessary to fully meet the companys strategic marketing intentions. This strategy is a tool to build a build an influential and strong presence in the global markets over a long period of time. In future the Wal-Mart can have huge market share and large profits in Qatari market, but this will not realised overnight. The Wal-Mart has to wait to become the market leader in the country. Sometimes it takes many years gaining an understanding of the local markets, customers and competition before making a major success in the market (Hitt et al 1995). Many multinational companies like Wal-Mart considering for speedy access to market and generate short term by exploiting the opportunity in the growing economy (Cullen Parboteeah 1999, pp.133-135). Takeover to Lulu Hypermarket will give the quick and complete access to the Qatars growing economy. Acquisition of Lulu will provide instant access to a skilled work force, existing customer and established supplier links, recognised brands to the customer, an established distribution network and a direct source of revenue. International Marketing: According to Griffith Hoppner (2013) marketing managers from all over the world are be aware of the growing requirement for their companies to improve the expertise, abilities and familiarity to enter effectively in global markets. The rise of a more open global market, the globalisation of buyer choices and the rapid growth of Internet, all has increased the interdependency and interconnections of countrys economies around the world. The Chartered Institute of Marketing defines marketing as the Management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably (Dann, 2010). Thus, marketing includes (Doole Lowe 2008, p.5): concentrating on the customer demands recognising the best way of customer satisfaction companys motivation to the process of providing that satisfaction Meeting organisational goals In international marketing the strategic components of this structure still apply and the conceptual structure is not going to alter to any noticeable degree when a firm moves into a foreign market. However, there are two key differences. First, there are different planes through which global marketing can be approached and, second, the uncontrollable circumstances of the international marketing environment. Therefore, international marketing is more complex, multidimensional and challenging (Doole Lowe 2008, pp.5-7). The Marketing Environment in Qatar: There are many environmental analysis models available to analysis the marketing environment of specific country. SLEPT approach is one of these and commonly used international marketing environment analysis through the social/cultural, legal, economic, political and technological dimension. http://cdn.grin.com/images/preview-object/document.114088/cadd82efe20d90c01ea65576b8a5c001_LARGE.png (Doole Lowe 2008, p.7) Social/cultural environment The social and cultural impacts on global marketing are vast. Changes in social circumstances, religion and way of living all have emotional impact on customers observations and purchases behaviour. These differences tell us that consumers across the globe either similar or different and defines the possible universal branding and standardisation. Cultural variances and particularly language changes and religious differences have a major effect on the way a product may be used in a market, such as product name and the advertising campaign (De Mooij, 2010,pp.31-37).  Wal-Mart is going to enter into a country where native language is Arabic. It would have to make sure that all the information about products also be given in Arabic. So that customer can have full facts about product. Another important aspect is that all the products must be halal and fulfil the requirement of Islamic law. These products particularly include meat and dairy or those in which these are used as ingredients. When any company transfers into another nation, it deals with people from different social environments and background. Social values that are important to one community may mean little to another. Existence of all these substantial differences must be kept in mind while making marketing strategy in new country. As the economy of Qatar is growing rapidly people love to go outside for shopping. For Wal-Mart, this social trend of shopping would definitely be helpful to get competitive advantage in the economy. People in Doha are always looking for those places where they can find everything at same place. Legal Environment: The host Countrys legal environment affects the international marketing operations of firms in many ways. A good manager will analyse the legal environment of the country in which the firm is going to operate (Jain, 1989). Good news for Wal-Mart is that is that Qatar has NO taxes. The country is tax free and very attractive place to invest. It can sell thousands of products on very cheap prices. Government of Qatar has made very flexible rule to invest in the country for international companies. Political Environment: Multinational companies such as Wal-Mart usually prefer to invest in a country with a stable and friendly government (Williams, 2006). But such ideal business environment is not easy to find particular in Arab region. But in Qatar the situation is entirely different. Qatari Government is stable and very strong. There is no political dispute or protest reported in recent years as it is happened in other countries of the same region. Economic Environment: The macro as well as micro components of economy has a significant impact on international marketing strategy. Qatar is growing from several years with continuous high real GDP growth rate which has made it a country with highest per capital income. Qatars economy depends on its enormous resources of oil and gas. Peoples living standard and purchasing power are very high. In such economic circumstances Wal-Mart has plenty of business opportunities in Qatar. Basically, the microeconomic environment concerns more with competition in the open market of a country (Jain, 1996, p.189-195). After taking over LULU-Hypermarket, Wal-Mart would not have any significant competitor in the market. Its purpose is international expansion in this way it can quickly expand its business in the region. Technological Environment: The influence of technological developments can be seen in all areas marketing. The capability to collect information on marketplaces, organisation control abilities and the feasibilities of carrying out the business globally have been modernised in recent years with the advances IT and telecommunication (Wilson Gilligan, 2012, pp.145-147). Qatar is a significant joining link in the world telecommunications system. In recent years, it has made outstanding development in the fields of communications, broadcasting, delivery services, roads airports and sea ports which make Qatar an excellent place to invest. Marketing mix: Wal-Mart pricing Strategy: Pricing is a most critical and composite variable in foreign marketing plans. Pricing strategy finally decides a companys capability to remain in an overseas market. The uncertainties in market or economy which are very difficult to predict such as production costs, demand, competition and many other factors fluctuate international price (Ferrell Hartline, 2010, pp.230). International pricing has several processes and complications. In case of Wal-Mart, its corporate headquarter in USA will make all the pricing decisions. Different price-setting tactics are open to them. But before making any decision they would need complete market research and a number of factors effect pricing policies including competitor approach in the market, dumping, and leasing. Marketing managers would work with their abilities through all these composite variables (Jain, 1996, pp.482) Why should people Buy in Qatar from Wal-Mart: A proposed Model Different Low Cost Focus on Niche Market Source: Made by student himself The international objective of Wal-Mart is to have retail prices at lowest possible cost and the corporation has been very successful to get this goal in the international market. A person can at least 15 present by shopping in Wal-Mart. Its excellent corporate culture and availability of advance technical expertise coupled with professionalism make it possible to achieve its ultimate goal of providing the lowest prices possible in the international market. Wal-Mart should ente

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You stated that on Saturday September 3. 2011 at exactly 0644 you received a call from Supervisor Everett Knight advising you that Kerry Petit, Field Office Manager canceling you from working the weekend due to weather.. Is that correct? 2. You further stated that you were scheduled to work at Zen-Non Sunday September 4, 2011 and you should have been called back to work when Zen-Non was allowed to work on that date. Is that correct? 3. At what number were you contacted for the cancellation on September 3, 2011? Is the number used to contact you the same number listed in the employee contact list at the field location which you were called from? How do you know? 5. How many field locations are there? 6. Did you have the opportunity to review your personnel contact number on the employee contact list at other field locations after September 4, 2011 ? Were they correct? 7. In what form is the employee contact information listed? Can you give a brief description? 8. How long have you had your current contact phone number? 9. Mr..Shepherd stated that he tried to reach you at (225) 622-3090 do you recognize this number? Do you know how old it may be? Is it current? Where do you think this number came from? 10. Who is responsible for the establishment of employee contact lists? Have you seen an old or multiple lists at any field locations? 11 . Were you ever instructed on who you should contact in the event your contact information changes? 12. Did you receive calls prior to September 4, 2011 to your contact number from the New Orleans Field Office? From who? Article You stated that on Saturday September 3. 2011 at exactly 0644 you received a call from Supervisor Everett Knight advising you that Kerry Petit, Field Office Manager canceling you from working the weekend due to weather.. Is that correct? 2. You further stated that you were scheduled to work at Zen-Non Sunday September 4, 2011 and you should have been called back to work when Zen-Non was allowed to work on that date. Is that correct? 3. At what number were you contacted for the cancellation on September 3, 2011? Is the number used to contact you the same number listed in the employee contact list at the field location which you were called from? How do you know? 5. How many field locations are there? 6. Did you have the opportunity to review your personnel contact number on the employee contact list at other field locations after September 4, 2011 ? Were they correct? 7. In what form is the employee contact information listed? Can you give a brief description? 8. How long have you had your current contact phone number? 9. Mr..Shepherd stated that he tried to reach you at (225) 622-3090 do you recognize this number? Do you know how old it may be? Is it current? Where do you think this number came from? 10. Who is responsible for the establishment of employee contact lists? Have you seen an old or multiple lists at any field locations? 11 . Were you ever instructed on who you should contact in the event your contact information changes? 12. Did you receive calls prior to September 4, 2011 to your contact number from the New Orleans Field Office? From who?

Healthcare Marketing

An orthopedic group practice has decided to develop a pediatric sports medicine program. Identify potential target markets for this new service.At the core of the marketing program is the target market, the group of customers whom the organization wishes to attract (Berkowitz, 2011). Potential target markets for a pediatric sports medicine program may be local schools and recreational parks with athletic programs. Many kids participate in sports at their school and/or neighborhood park so the orthopedic group should definitely target its pediatric sports medicine program marketing within these targets.In developing the new pediatric sports medicine program (described above in question 3), what are some of the uncontrollable environmental factors to consider?Some uncontrollable environment factors to consider in this market would be Economic factors, Social factors, and competitive forces.A major concern for many health care professionals is the belief that marketing â€Å"createsâ⠂¬  needs. Explain the complexity of this issue.Explain the difference between existing customers, target markets, and stakeholders for an acute-care community hospital.Existing customers would be the individuals/patients already using the facility. Target market is the group of customers whom the organization wishes to attract. Stakeholders are any group with which the firm has and/or  wants to develop a relationship with (patients, board of directors, suppliers, physicians, employers).Chapter 2:2. Children’s Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, has long been considered an outstanding medical center specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric problems. This facility is linked academically to the Harvard University Medical School. Conduct a brief SWOT analysis for Children’s Hospital in light of the present health care environment.A SWOT analysis is vital for any organization because it’s a way of breaking down the organizations strengths and weakn esses including both internal and external environmental factors. A potential internal environmental factor may be being linked to Harvard University and any issues or trend changes with the University could possibly affect the hospital. A potential external environmental factor could include economic, social, an even competitive forces. Luckily according to our textbook, â€Å"in the Boston metropolitan area, Children’s Hospital has been recognized as a leader in pediatric care. Although other competitors also provide pediatric service, the differential advantage rests with Children’s Hospital and it’s narrow market focus† (Berkowitz, 2011).Describe the possible barriers to entry and exit for: (a) a physician wanting to establish a solo practice office in internal medicine, (b) a company offering a health club facility in the same building where employees work, and (c) a tertiary hospital developing a coronary bypass program.Consolidation ââ€" ª System integration ââ€" ª Certificate of NeedRetin-A is a topical ointment originally developed for the treatment of severe cases of acne and related skin disorders. An observed side benefit resulting from use of this product is its beneficial effect on aging skin.  If the manufacturer of this product decided to pursue the latter market, what type of a growth strategy would it be pursuing?Chapter 3:What environmental factors would you suggest account for: (a) in-company clinics that deal with employee medical problems, such as the one established by Toyota, and (b) the success of after-hours clinics and urgent care facilities in many metropolitan areas?Assume you were hired to design a MCO plan targeted to baby boomers in San Antonio, Texas, a city with a large Hispanic population. How would you make this service offering unique to respond to the major trends discussed within this chapter?A primary care medical group has a list of patients who had once used the group on a regular basis as their primary source of care. However, in scanning their records, these patients had not been in for an appointment in the past 2 years. The senior partner wants to send them an informational flyer about the practice and a refrigerator magnet that has the group’s telephone number and after hour’s service number. As the marketing director for the practice, evaluate this approach in light of the HIPAA regulations. Can it be implemented?