Definition of Communication Essay Example for Free

Definition of converse EssayIntroductionWhenever we interact with other people, objectal or unintentional, we communicate because of its sneak nature, the concept of communication is difficult to define. If one remembers Communication Theory as a Field (Craig 1999), we gain insight into the scientific fields of communication, on how divers(a) the fields of study actually are. With such diversity among theorists approaches to communication, it is even harder to get a single definition standing, at least within academia. The devil is in the details however some argue that it is rather impractical to study a subject that isnt well defined. A First Look At Communication Theory (Griffin 2012) offers a working definition. (Griffin 20126) states Communication is the relational mould of creating and interpreting messages that elicit a response. But does this definition of what communication is swear out in the light of what the contrasting theorists argue it is? This will be the main focus of my composing. I find it most reasonable to approach this question with dickens communication theories with different fundamental approaches to communication. In order to cover both the interpretive and objective conjectural approach, I will discuss the definition in relation to Constructivism and Semiotics.The DefinitionThe definition consists of five parts messages, creation of Messages, interpretation of Messages, A Relational Process, and Messages that elicits a response (Griffin 20126-9). Messages are the very core of communication study. (Griffin 20126). The creation of messages is the implication that messages is usually not randomly generated (constructed, invented, planned, crafted, constituted, selected, or adopted (Griffin 20127)). A message does not hold a meaning in and of itself e.g. at that place is a differentiation between the words and the meaning. Communication is considered a process, because it functions in a contextual sense. In addition, it is a relational phenomenon because it involves two or more(prenominal) participants and affects their connection. And lastly, if a message fails to initiate any reactions, it would be ironic to call it communication according to Griffin.ConstructivismConstructivism approaches communication from the psychological perspective, focusing on cognitive competence in interpersonal communication (Griffin 201298). The level of interactional competence is determined by the sophistication of the actors social perception skills, and their ability to canvass the social situation (the cognitive complexity of an actor (Griffin 201299)). The cognitive complexity is reflected in the communication process through the effectiveness of person-centered messages. the capacity to produce extremely person-centered messages has been assessed by having participants generate messages in response to standard situations and then coding these messages within hierarchical schemes for the degree of person cente redness manifested.For example, messages seeking to persuade others have been coded for the intent to which the goals and desires of the target are taken into account. (Brant R. Burleson, Scott E. Caplan 1998II,B) In a constructivist view, the communication process is more goal-oriented than relational. Constructing the message in a communicational context is in and of itself an intention to get an anticipated or desired reaction. The perception and processing of others intentional efforts to convey some internal statemay be viewed as a special causal agency of social perception (Brant R. Burleson, Scott E. Caplan 1998II,C). The addressed uses a received message as input in the process of structuring their response. The effectiveness of a response is directly agree to the messages goal related structure, and the cognitive complexity and perception skills of both addresser and addressed.SemiologySemiotics is the study of signs it involves the production and the analysis of sociall y attributed meaning to an object. The semiologist Roland Barthes concentrate his research on signs we use in communication (Griffin 2012332). In Mythologies (Roland Barthes 2009) we see that Barthes perspective on communication is broader than the interpersonal level, focusing more on rescind connotations and mythical signs in a cultural context. He argues that reality is converted into speech through human history therefore there are no eternal meanings (Roland Barthes 2009132). Concordantly, the meaning of a sign can shift as time progresses, an original sign could become a denotation for something else through the semiotical process.The creation of meaning of signs is then not only an individual process it is also a conjunction and ongoing process of communication and human history. Barthes offers a semantic explanation, in his example of wrestling, to the reactions of the audience towards the wrestlers (Roland Barthes 200911-12). Arguing that, with French wrestling, different connotations around the mythical sign of justice were at interplay. So in the process of interpretation Meaning can be implicit. Unconsciously perceived as connotative factor(s) to what is consciously noticed, and then reacted upon.Directly applying the points of discussionExtending the commonalities and differences between the two metaphysical views, with Griffins definition, some points are very clear. Both view messages as the core instrument in communication and see it as a process. Both agree that if no reaction is elicited in any way, then the function of the message initially failed. The circumstances thereof are different in each point of view. However the aspects of messages in each theoretical view are defined in such a fashion without a response of any kind, it would be a contradiction to refer to them as such (If we, of course, interpret messages that elicit a response to include apathetic responses). On the points of objection, it seems mostly to be a case of weighing the words, when viewed by either theoretical lens. As an example on the point of a relational process, constructivists might prefer goal-oriented rather than relational. Or from Barthes perspective, adding a concept of creating meaning as a result of communication to the definition.ConclusionThe outlined approaches in this paper of constructivism and semiotics, display clear differences in the assumptions, focus-points and explanations of communication. However their general outlook does not, in any significant way, object to Griffins working definition. I phone this outcome qualifies the definition as sufficient, as a practical tool when studying communication. The evident boundary of my paper however, is the lack of other major theoretical lenses in the subject. Further work needs to be done in order to conduct a more unified definition.ReferencesBarthes, R. (2009). Mythologies. London Vintage Classics. 3-14 and 131-144 Craig, R.T. (1999). Communication theory as a field. Commun ication Theory, 9, 119-161. Griffin, E. (2011). A First Look at Communication Theory. 8th edition. New York McGraw Hill. J. C. McCroskey, J. A. Daly, M. M. Martin (Eds.). (1998). Communication and Personality Trait Perspectives. Cresskill, NJ Hampton, pp. 233-286, Website Presshttp//www.ic.arizona.edu/ic/wrightr/const/bu98b.htmII.B.%20CC%20and%20%E2%82%ACMessage%20Production%E2%82%AC

Benefits of fruits Essay Example for Free

Benefits of fruits EssayACAI BERRIESAcai is ample in antioxidants such as Vitamin C and polyphenols. It contains ample amount ofiron, atomic number 20 and vitamin A. Acai has exalted caloric values and fats when comp bed with another(prenominal) berries train muchKUMQUATThese fruits atomic number 18 cholesterol, fat, and sodium free. They provide a legal source of fiber and of the vitamins A and C. Can cook with sugar then use to top pound cake or meth cream. realise to a greater extent(prenominal)POMEGRANATEIn the Christian art, it is ensn be in devotional statues and paintings. It is use as a gargle for sore throat, and to treat hemorrhoids. People use pomegranate for flu, stomatitis, gum, diabetes, bleeding, etc. empathize to a greater extent than(prenominal)(prenominal)ALMONDAlmonds paste with take out cream, applying regularly retains skin fair with glow. It is plentiful in Iron, copper, phosphorus and vitamin B1.Almond oil applied over forehead reliev es business register moreKIWIIt is a sm whole fruit that protects DNA from mutations Kiwi an exotic fruit contain as much potassium as bananas. Asthma, wheezing, Coughing and colon cancer especially in children can be prevented. need morePRUNESPrunes contains lot of fibers and sorbitol a s in any casel loosening sugar. Prunes have a laxative effect. Dried prune is better than sportsmanlike prune. The salts contained in the dried prune are valuable as food for the blood, brain, and nerves. pack moreyellowish pinkRipen apricots are very good source for the young children as well as the older people. This fruit is quite laxative, and have high send of alkalinity. Apricots also contain cobalt that is necessary for the treatment of anemic conditions. Read moreLEMONLemon is not only use for cooking, but also to treat ailments ranging from epilepsy to the mothy. Lemon succus prevents certain fruits like apples, avocados and pears from discoloring once theyve been peeled. Use pure le mon ju scratch on wasp and bee stings to relieve painRead morePUMKINPumpkin can be use in pudding or it can be liquefied. Pumpkin seeds sundry(a) together with soy milk make a great remedy for parasitic worms in the digestive tract. relieves from Oxidative stress which leads to heart diseases, Alzheimers diseases, as well as cancers. Read moreBIGNAYThe leaves of the bignay fruit are very much useful in the treatment of snakebite. Leaves and fruits utilize for anemia and hypertension. Young leaves are boiled for the treatment of syphilitic affections. It is common venereal disease ca utilise by treponema pallidum spirochete Read moreLIMELime is a hybrid fruit that cures scurvy, caused due to neediness of vitamin-C These are also characterized by infections such as cough and cold, ulcers in mouth , swollen and bleeding gums. The ample of acids present inlime helps to reach the excretory system by washing and cleaning off the tracts Read morePUMMELOThe skinned segments can be broken apart and used in salads and desserts or do into preserves. Pomelo is an excellent source of Vitamin C and potassium. This stimulates the appetite by increasing gastric secretions in the stomach and helps to tone the stomach. Read moreBILBERRYIt has been used for diarrhea, inflammation of the mouth and throat, and to improve night vision. This also helps to prevent the damage to cells. Antioxidants helps to prevent illnesses such as heart disease, cancer, and an spirit disorder. Read moreLOMENTA loment is a type of legume that breaks at constrictions occurring between the segments of the seeds. Being a legume, it is dry at maturity and is dehiscent, meaning that it forget split open at maturity. This also contains huge number of medicinal values.Read moreRAISINSThe raisins helps in relief from constipation, acidosis, anemia, fever, and sexual weakness. Raisins also help to collect weight, and provides eye care, dental care, and bone wellness. Raisins may be eaten raw or used in cooking, baking and brewing. Read moreBLACKBERRYBlackberries are full-bodied in iron, but it can cause constipation. This fruit have been used for years to control diarrhea. If one can take blackberry juice with no constipating results, it is one of the best builders of the blood. Read moreLONGANLoganberries are high in Vitamin C, Manganese, Vitamin K, Folate, Copper and Dietary Fiber The fruit is low in complete(a) fat, cholesterol and sodium. It is used as an ingredient in jams, pies, crumbles, syrups and wines. Read moreRAMBUTANRambutan fruit contains carbohydrate, protein, fat, phosphorus, iron, calcium and vitamin C. The Skin tanin of this fruits contain saponin.The fruit are usually sold fresh, used in making jams and jellies, or canned. Read moreBLUEBERRYBlueberries have high silicon, which helps to rejuvenate the pancreas. The fruit is said to be good for diabetic conditions.The juice was used as a cough medicine, and the leaves and roots were ground into powder to treat a number of ailments. Read moreLOQUATDelicious, loquats are very low in calories provide just 47 cal per 100 g, but rich in insoluble dietary fiber, pectin. Pectin retains moisture in the colon and thus functions as bulk laxative. Loquats can also be used to make light wine, any(prenominal)times using just the vitreous silica sugar and white liquor. Read moreRASPBERRYRaspberries are considered as the very good cleanser for mucus, for catarrhal conditions, and for toxins present in the body. They are a good source of vitamins A and C. Raspberry were called ida, probably after the mountain they were found growing on. Read moreBOYSENBERRIESBoysenberry anthocyanins appear to have anti-inflammatory and cancer inhibitory properties Boysenberries should be used within a couple days of purchase It may be eaten fresh or used as part of jams, preserves, pies, and syrups, or made into wine. Read moreLYCHEELychee fruits are low in calories, contains no saturated fats or cholesterol, but ri ch in dietary fiber. Canned lychees can be used to make a fruit cocktail. Peeled, seeded lychees are canned in sugar syrup in India and China and have been exported. Read moreROSEHIPSOne of the best ways to use rose hips is to brew them into tea either used as fresh or dried. They are also edible and a good source of vitamin C.Helps in preventing and treating colds,Infections,Fever,and boost the immune system. Read moreBUTTERNUT crushIt is used in soup and can be cooked on a grill wrapped in foil with spices such as nutmeg and cinnamon. The butternut squash is one of the most versatile winter squash, as it lends itself many preparations. The deep orange color comes Due to its vitamin A/beta carotene . Read moreMACADAMIAMacadamia was used as an ornamental and for reforestation. The tip, side,wedge or cleft grafting is used under greenhouse conditions upto 1ft high. It is high in palmitoleic acid, found in the sebum of our skins, and therefore has a great affinity to our skin. Read moreSAGUAROThe saguaro blossom is the state flower of Arizona.The saguaro is used as an emblem in commercials and logos to convey a sense of the southwest. The ribs of the saguaro were used for construction and other purposes by Native Americans. Read moreCASHEWNUTScashew nut nuts provide protein and fiber to body.The main use of cashewnut is as a snack. But many innovative food companies are discovering cashews as an ingredient. Cashew dredge and Pasteare used in many asian sweets, gravies and fancy Marzipans. Read moreMANDARINMandarin can be attributed as anti septic, cytophylactic, depurative, digestive, hepatic,relaxant, sedative and tonic. Vitamin C present in mandarin oranges protects the sperm from genetic damage Mandarins have been used in ayurveda and to reduce phlegm.Read moreSAPODILLASapodilla is rich in dietary fiber that makes it good laxative. The fiber content helps to relieve constipation protects the mucous membrane of the colon from cancer . Paste made from the s apota seeds can be applied to stings and bites, and the juice from the seeds has antihistamine qualities. Read moreCANTALOUPECantaloupe contains an excellent source of vitamin A and beta-carotene. cantaloupe cures fevers, moisten the lungs, and urine problem. It helps in prevention of heart disease,as they contain an anticoagulant called adenosine. Read moreMANGOESA Mango Milkshake helps the people to gain weight.Mangoes are thought to help split bleeding, to strengthen the heart, and to benefit the brain. The powder of dried kernel of Mango seeds with fresh water cures the habit of eating soil in kinds. Read moresatsumaSatsuma fruit is compatible with each other that create the greatest synergistic health. Their peel can be used to spice a meal or to flavor a beverage. The dried peel of the fruit is used in the regulation of chi, and also used to treat abdominal distension. Read moreCLEMENTINEClementines are a good source of vitamin C, potassium, thiamin, and niacin. Clementine f ruit also contain fiber that act as a very good natural energy booster. Clementines have almost no fat, and an average clementine has only about 35 calories. Read moreMANGOSTEENIt contain an subjective nutrients, which are required for growth and development of nutritional well-being. The fruit contains 7 to 14% catechin tannin and rosin,used for tanning leather in China. Mangosteen twigs are used as chewsticks in Ghana.It also yields a black dye. Read moreSTRAWBERRYStrawberries are accessory fruit often used to flavor other foods, such as ice cream. They have many other nutrients and can be efficiently used to prevent many diseases. Strawberry fruit are eaten raw or used in making juice, desserts, jam, syrup and wine. Read moreCRANBERRYCranberries contain high acid content, and so it should not be eaten too frequently. Cranberries increases the acidity of the urine in the human body. Because of their extremely tart taste, people drown them in sugar syrup, that makes them unhealthy Read moreMINNEOLAFat-free, saturated fat-free, cholesterol-free and sodium-free. Minneolas are rich in vitamin C and contain vitamin B1, potassium, folate, calcium and dietary fiber. Minneola Tangelos are called Honeybells because of their slightly elongated end, that forms a bell shape Read moreSQUASHWinter squash contains more amount of vitamin A when compared to the summer squash . Both are low in carbohydrates and can be used in all diets. Squash is a high potassium and sodium food that leaves an alkalic ash in the body. Read moreCROWBERRYIn subarctic areas, crowberry has been a vital addition to the diet of the Inuit and the Sami. It gives a steady crop and the gathering is relatively easy. The high concentration of anthocyanin pigment can be used as a natural food dye. Read moreMULBERRYIn times past, mulberries were believed to have great curative powers and were used as a general cure-all. Now, they are used mainly in eliminating and weight-loss diets. They are also good fo r building the blood, and for coating the stomach in any gastric. Read moreSURINAM CHERRYChildren enjoy the ripe fruits out-of-hand.The leaf infusion of the surinam cherry is taken as a stomachic, febrifuge and astringent. The leaf decoction is drunk as a cold remedy and, in combination with lemongrass, as a febrifuge Read moreCURRANTWhen dried,currants are valuable in combating anemia,as they contain iron, copper,and manganese. They have an alkaline re proceeding and work as a laxative in the body. Black currant oil and juice extracts are used as antioxidant, to treat rheumatoid arthritis and night and fatigue-related visual impairment. Read moreNANCEThe fruits are used to prepare carbonated beverages, or an acid, oily, fermented beverage called chicha applied to assorted beer-like drinks . queer is a tropical fruit cultivated in coastal areas of Mexico. Nance can be used as fresh fruit and for preparing fruit rolls, jellies, syrup, ice cream, and cakes. Read moreSWEET ORANGESwee t Orange is used in alternative herbal treatments to treat ailments and problems. It is used to rejuvenate the skin with the action of the AHA ,in skin care cosmetics and to stimulate the lymph system. This orange is used as a rootstock in groves of sweet orange. Read moreDATESDates used on cereals make a wonderful sweetener.The date water can be used with milk for children who have sensitive stomachs, as it helps digest the milk. The Ancient Egyptians used thefruits to be made into date wine, and ate them at harvest. Read moreNECTARINENectarines are considered as a subacid fruit and that can be mixed with any kind of fruit. They leave an alkaline ash, and are best eaten raw. Nectarines provide twice the vitamin A, slightly more vitamin C, and much more potassium than peaches. Read moreTANGERINETangerines are an essential source of vitamin C.The thin membrane covers the segments contains a digestion-aiding factor, and should always be eaten. Tangerines fruit mainly reduces the weigh t and yields good general health for the human beings. Read moreDRUPEDrupes are sweet, fleshy that attracts the attention of animals as a food. Freestone refers to a drupe having a stone which can be removed from the flesh easily. A drupe contains a single seed enclosed by a endocarp, which often adheres closely to the seed within. Read moreOLIVEThe olive oil contains high content of monounsaturated oleaginous acids and antioxidative substances. People use the fruit ,seeds,water of fruit and the leaves to make medicine. It is used to prevent heart attack, lash , cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and migraine headache. Read moreTAYBERRYThe Tayberry can be eaten as a fresh fruit or used for making jams, pies, wine,etc,. Wine made from the tayberry fruit are moreover said to be refreshing agent. Tayberry fruit and the leaves are a good home medicine for diarrhea and chewing the leaves cures bleeding. Read moreELDERBERRYElderberry juice is a good cleanser,that can be diluted with other ju ices. It is good as a tonic for the productive and glandular system. Ir retains therapeutic uses as an anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and immuno-stimulant, as a herbal remedy. Read moreORANGEOranges are an excellent source of vitamin C.It is low in calories, no saturated fats or cholesterol, and is rich in dietary fiber, pectin. Orange oil and orange peel extract are key ingredients in some fire ant repellents. Read moreTOMATOTomatoes are rich in vitamins and are wonderful blood cleanser. The juice can be used in diets, in other raw vegetable juices such as celery, parsley, beet, and carrot juice. Half-ripe tomatoes are useful during summer season as it prevents sun-stroke or heat-stroke. Read moreFIGDue to high sugar content inFigs produces good energy. Figs are said to be laxative due to mucin and pectin membrane present in this fruit. Dried figs may also give nourishment to the body, especially in the winter. Read morePAPAYAPapaya contain enzymes that soften and heal the skin. The enzymes in these fruits scrap free-radical damage and relieves age spots and fine lines. They also purify the skin by dissolving dead cells from the skins surface. Read moreTAXUSIt is used in landscaping and ornamental horticulture. The drug paclitaxel used in breast, ovarian and lung cancer treatment, is derived from genus Taxus brevifolia. Over 400 cultivars of yews have been derived from Taxus baccata. Read moreGOOSEBERRYGooseberries are considered as good for the liver and intestinal tract. They develop an alkaline ash when digested.These are watery, and have a high potassium and sodium content . Read morePEARSPears have high content of vitamin C and iron. They are good in all diets and are a wonderful digestive aid. They help normalize bowel activity. These are always good for skin and have plenty of fibers Read moreUGLIThe pegs and juice are used to make sweet and savory recipes. The juice is delicious warmed as a hot toddy with rum, and used to make ice creams and souffles. Ugli is rich in vitamin C that can be squeeze easily for refreshing drink. Read moreGANDARIAGandaria fruits, especially the sweet varieties, are consumed fresh or eaten cooked in syrup. Immature fruits are chopped and used as an ingredient in condiment sambal. Young leaves are also consumed in salads and eaten with sambal. Read morePERSIMMONWhen thoroughly ripe,persimmons are a rich source of fruit sugar. Dried persimmons are almost as sweet as candy. They are rich in potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus, and are good to use in a soft diet. Read moreWALNUTSWalnuts are the only nuts that have omega-3 fatty acids in high amounts. Omega -3 fatty acids are helpful in lowering triglycerides. Triglycerides should not be more than a certain level in the blood from hearts health point of view. Read moreHONEYSUCKLEHigh in Calcium, Magnesium, and Potassium, the leaves can be eaten as a vegetable. It is an antibacterial, antiinflammatory, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge,that reduces blood pres sure. excerpt of flower buds helps in treatment of syphillitic skin diseases, tumors, dysentery, colds cough. Read morePINEAPPLEPineapple contains the enzymes, are soften that helps in healing of many skin diseases . The enzymes in these fruits scrap free-radical damage and are known to relieve age spots and fine lines . Pineapple also helps to purify the skin by dissolving all the dead cells from the skins surface. Read moreWATERMELONMost of us love watermelonfor its taste, but many are ignorant of its health benefits. This name deals with the health benefits of watermelon, which is widely cultivated across the globe. watermelon has been used as a medicinal plant in several native cultures. Read moreView as multi-pages

Apple: Strategic Challenges And Changes

apple Strategic Ch eachenges And ChangesQ1) Evaluate Apples strategies and how they go for valetaged their strategic ch onlyenges and strategic changes within this. In your evaluation you will need to consider the give away(predicate) situationors of success in relation to the different strategic groups within the industry. Support your evaluation with relevant theory and academic models.Apple is a vertically co-ordinated lodge, manufacturing and supplying all hardw be and softw ar as salutary as its own operating systems. Apple chose this schema so they could retain profit and go through profit is not lost by financing another(prenominal) companys profit margins. The practice behind this theory is to heavily finance research and development and have had the necessary means of production to cover all atomic number 18as of the business. Marketing and advertising are also a key component in Apple strategy to have a better grocery store position.Founded in 1976, Apple buil t its early nature on innovative person-to-person computing machines that were particularly easy for customers to white plague and as a result were outlayd richlyer than those of competitors. The inspiration for this strategy came from a visit by the founders of the company- Steven Jobs and Steven Wozniack- to the Palo Alto research laboratories of the Xerox company in 1979. They discover that Xerox had developed an early version of a ready reckoner interface screen with the drop-down menus that are widely put ond today on all personal computers. Jobs and Wozniack took the concept back to apple and developed their own computer- the Apple macintosh (Mac) that used this consumer friendly interface. The Macintosh was launched in 1984 but Apple did not shit or tract the software to rival companies. Over the next few years, this non-co-operation strategy turned out to be a major(ip) weakness for Apple.Although the Mac had initial success, its software was scuppered by the i ntroduction of windows 1.0 from the rival company Microsoft, whose chief executive was the well-known Bill Gates. Microsofts strategy was to micturate this software widely available to other computer manufacturers for a license fee- quite unlike Apple. A court-ordered dispute arose between Apple and Microsoft because windows had many on-screen similarities to the Apple product. Eventually, Microsoft sign-language(a) an agreement with Apple saying that it would not use Mac technology in windows 1.0Unlike Microsoft with its focus on software strategy, Apple remained a full-line computer manufacturer from that time, supplying both the hardware and software. Apple continued to develop various innovative computers and related products. Early successes included the Mac2 and PowerBooks along with the worlds first desktop publishing programme- PageMaker. This latter remains today the leading programme of its kind. It is widely used around the world in publishing and fashion houses. It r emains scoopful to Apple and means that the company has a specialist grocery store where it has real competitive advantage and crumb charge high prices. Not all Apples hot products were successful- the Newton personal digital assistant did not sell well. Apples high price policy for its products and difficulties in manufacturing also meant that innovative products like the iBook had trouble competing in the personal computer food grocery place.In the year 2000, Apple identified a new-fangled corporate strategy to exploit the growing worldwide food market in personal electronic devices- CD players, MP3 players, digital cameras etc. It would launch its own Apple version of these products to add high-value, user friendly software. Resulting products included iMovie for digital cameras and iDVD for DVD players.The iPod was launched in 2001 and was followed by the iTunes Music store in 2003 in USA and 2004 in Europe. The product has proven unbelievably successful over degree Cel sius million units have been sold in the six years since its introduction. In 2003, Apples iTunes Store was introduced, offering online medicament transfers in integration with the iPod. The service quickly became the market leader in online medical specialty services, with over 3 billion downloads by August 2007. Steve Jobs announced that iTunes had reached 4 billion downloads during his keynote address at the 2008 Macworld assemblage Expo.The iTunes was essentially an agreement with the worlds 5 leading criminal record companies to allow legal downloaded of music tracks using the internet for 99 cents each. This was a major success for Apple- it had persuaded the record companies to adopt a different approach to the problem of music piracy. At the time, this revolutionary agreement was unique to Apple and was due to the negotiating skills of Steve Jobs, the Apple chief executive, and his cyberspace of contacts in the industry.By 2005, Apples music player- the iPod- was the premium priced, stylish market leader with around 60% of the world sales. Its iTunes download software had been redeveloped to allow it to work with all windows compatible computers (about 90% of all PCs) and it had around 70% of the world music download market, the market being worth around US$330 million per annum. However, by 2005, all the major companies like Sony, Philips and Panasonic were catching up fast with new launches that were just as stylish, cheaper and with more capacity. Apples competitors were even reaching agreements with the record companies to provide legal downloading of music from websites.Another Example of the likely competition came from the wide awake telephone market leader, Nokia, and the dominant software company Microsoft. In February 2005, they jointly announced that all new Nokia mobile phones would come with Microsofts Windows media 10, allowing downloading of music from PCs onto mobile phones- yet another threat to apple. However Apple was the ma rket leader and was able to demonstrate major increases in sales and profits from the development of iPod and iTunes by early 2005.One thing that has been established is that Apple releases a few versions of one great computer and then offers new software that easily integrates with the other software. Well, Apple has a lot of software that only within the last 4 or so years began to integrate with PC things as well as hardware. For this reason Apple has only been able to gain supplies from a limited set of suppliers, leaving Apple in a vulnerable position. However, one of Apples competencies is a great designing department. They come up with fun looking machines and professional looking machines. The other classic thing is the size and the colour of the machine.DistributionApple has many forms of distribution from their own retail outlet, to business to business selling, to their online store. First in that respect are the Apple retail stores most of these will be found in major cities across the US and the UK. From these or the website anything can be offered to customers and the products can be even more personalized than they already are.Their most important deals are probably with education. For years they have been offering their computers to schools for years and have grown a large following just from the children that are familiar with Apple and comfortable with Apple interface. This also allows Apple to watch market trends since their market is also deal between 20 and 30 years old. The young children will be the future so Apple simply watches what they are interested in.Their final musical composition of distribution comes from other warehouse companies or help desk companies that need the Apple parts and products to fix peoples computers. There are also third party stores that great power display the product amongst several other laptop options.Their main manufacturing, development, designing stuff can be found in California and in Ireland. Th ese twain points must serve as umbrellas under which warehouses and retail shops would order or receive from them.Marketing stratergyI think Apples main stratergy is thither accumulation to their customers. What you produce in general with many of their products more btter looking than the competitions. One thing we can see is Apple building on the popularity of the iPod. It appeals to the Mass market. Now appeal less as a computer company and more of a electronics company and seem more user-friendly.Apple have a differentiation stratergy. Apple products are known to have a unique appeal, with its sleek designs a userbility. Due to this it gets a lot of attention from consumers and the media. Without much advertising or selling on their part. They give something new and unique to talk about which everybody gets pulled in to.With the iPod there not only selling a mp3 player, there selling a social chic. Everybody has one and everybody wants one.Target MarketApple Ipod focused par ticularly at those between the age of 12-25, consistent with their advertising. Bright colours and a man dancing.It will appeal to both males and femalesPeople who have a passion or interest in music and/or literatureTechnology enthusiastsThe iPod appeals to the throng market, everyone is a potential customer. Young or old. They have music, literature and podcasts all avaiable for the iPod owners. The simplicity and sleek design is what attracts people. Although the latest ones (the touch) are expensive, and may be aimed at higher and older earners.Word count 1371Appropriate models, such as environmental analysis, industry analysis, lifecycle, analysis, resource analysis, swot and pest analysis, Porters 5 forces etc (these do not form part of the word count).PESTEL- psychoanalysisEconomical aspectsInflation currently has increased in UK and the US and may affect current sales of ipods which have already slowed.Global economy in a down turnThe exchange rate will also affect Apple as they are trade or exporting goods within the international market.Socio-cultural aspectsAgain Anti-American agenda may cause potential customers to but from another company.A generally develop British population, so many may be put off by the technologyAs much as it is a iPod culture, it can go away as quickly as it came. People may find something else which is better and more value for money.Technical aspectsThe wide range of fast ever-changing high-tech/high-quality download possibilities, encourages consumers to download but it also puts more pressure on competing firms, as they have to stay up-to-date with the newest technologies. Considerable developments in the mobile phone market (3G handsets becoming reality and expanded features available to the customer) will push the multimedia download market into new spheres and will open up great opportunities for Apple.Many substitutes available from iRiver, Samsung and Sony. Competition moving away from copy protection on songs, S uch as Amazon.Peer-to-peer file sharing applications like birdlime wire and Kazaa are still extremely popular. Although this is a problem with the music industry on a upstanding. This still however affects iTunes.Legal aspectsIssues of copyrights and illegal downloads greatly affect the music download industry and are a major problem for active legal providers. A former lack of legislation in this area has encouraged consumers away from commercial downloading services and as a response to this, new technologies have been introduced that protect the copyright of owners and prevent customers to download and care files illegaly. Digital Rights Managment (DRM) was created to control the number of copies that can be made from a download and although for the music industry there are many positive aspects to DRM, there are surely as many negative for the consumer. thereof, some companies have already planned to open big portals on DRM-Free tracks that will legally alter the consumer t o download files without being limited to a certain number of computers, portable digital devices and CD burns for a reasonable price.Source Corporate Stratergy finntrack.comPorters 5 ForcesSubstitute productsA substitute product is not a direct alternative to the product a company is selling. For example, the new Sony Walkman media player is not a substitute for the iPod Touch, it is a competitor. However, a personal CD player or MP3 player could be if certain aspects of the market were to change, e.g. price and there was a high elasticity of demand. In the case of iTunes, with music there is a wide range of options for tainting music and thereof are many substitutes within the music industry, for example tapes, CDs, vinyl and DVDs. All of these are easily accessible and just as convenient as downloading from the internet. The benefit which iTunes has is that you do not have to buy whole albums you can download songs individually and at a fraction of the cost of a single song on another format. Also you are able to buy movies, TV shows, audio books and Podcasts, all available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Reports by Mintel have shown that sale price and the volume of sales is falling for non digital media, consequently as a result of internet downloading.The Threat of new EntrantsAlready, there are hundreds of media downloading sites available to use on the internet. Some are legal and some are not. It is more difficult to block and put barriers up for illegal entrants into the market because they are not abiding by the law and therefore do not have patents, licences or the rights to distribute media, but still do. With legitimate start up companies, there are capital requirements, possible patents licences to obtain and ultimately the prospect of competing with already well established and reputable companies such as iTunes. Mintel predicts that there will be an influx of new companies willing to invest in the online downloading industry. A big threat fo r Apple constitutes the entrance of Amazon into the market. The company announced the launch of a new music download portal that offers a wide range of DRM-Free tracks to a reasonable price. Since there are many advantages to DRM-Free tracks, like the fact that users can legaly copy the files without being restricted to a certain number of copies, consumers are expected to highly welcome the new download store. Apple has to be sensible of the fact, that it could lose both new and old customers by restricting them to Digital Rights Management tracks that can only be played on Apples iPod and not on any MP3 capable device, as it is the case with Amazon.Bargaining Power Of CustomersDue to the vast range of direct alternatives and substitutes, iTunes needs to price competitively as well as maintaining reputation and range availability. Consumers are easily swayed to alternative products, especially the ease and free use of illegal downloading sites and therefore need to be drawn in t o using legal downloading sites like iTunes. Consumers have great power due to their ability to buy from any one competitor in the music industry and can therefore potentially dictate prices by constantly buying from the cheapest company, thus forcing competitors to reduce prices. Obviously one customer would not make a difference, but collectively customers are robust. As for the Apple iPhone, it has to be considered that network providers have great power over the company, as they could decide not to sell the iPhone or put pressure on the company that forces them to pay a certain descend of their revenues to the provider. At the moment, Apple has restricted itself to one provider, O2, and therefore greatly depends on them selling the iPhone but this will surely change over time.Bargaining Power of SuppliersSimilarly to talk terms power of customers, there is the bargaining power of suppliers. iTunes have to submit to the requirements of the consumer market to be competitive, bu t on the other hand have the ability to bargain with their suppliers due to the size and reputation of the company, thus they are a supplier and a customer. Due to the volume of sales that iTunes have, it would be foolish for companies such as SonyBMG, Universal, Warner and EMI to not compromise on the costs and rights to distribute their music, as their success in the music download market highly depends on the successful distribution of their music, mainly through Apple. This fact clearly limits the bargaining power of suppliers to a certain degree, although Apple has to consider that without their music iTunes could not function as efficiently as the market demands. Therefore a compromise must arise that suits both companies, a possible agreement could be initial fees plus percentage of sales.Intensity of RivalryAlthough the amount of companies operating in the music download market is pretty high, Apple is the clear market leader. Still the multimedia download market is a market in its growth phase with fast changing technologies and many new companies entering the market. At the moment, it seems very unlikely that a company could seriously threaten Apples market position but the company has to be aware of the fact that there are other big multinational companies stressful to enter the market with new technologies and ways of offering their services.SWOT-AnalysesStrengthsApple is the clear market leader in the music downloadand steady monetary performance. Revenues have grown from $5,742 million in 2002 to $19,315 million in 2006 and the companys net profit has increased from $65 million in 2002 to $1,989 million in 2006 (Datamonitor, 2007). Steady financial growth shows the good financial state of the company and builds the base for future growth and expansion. Also, the company has a very strong branding and enjoys a high level of brand credit entry and brand awareness that allows the company to differentiate its offers and stimulate sales. Strengths o f the company is defined by its successful distribution of the iPod and its software iTunes. With every iPod sold, the consumer automatically installs iTunes on his pc, as it is only possible to download music from Apples original software to an iPod. Moreover, Apple products are being considered as hip, stylish and fashionable which is more and more becoming important for consumers. Furthermore, Apple devices and software attract customers for their convenience, their ease of use and for always being up-to-date with the newest technology. Apple has also collaborated with large brand companies like Nike, Starbucks, Coca grass and Google, which has had beneficial impacts on both Apple and their partners and has created a new profile, e.g. linking sports and music culture.WeaknessesFirst off all there is to say that although the interconnection between the iPod/iPhone and iTunes has been a key factor to Apples success this restriction could become a problem in the future, as more an d more customers are looking for devices and online portals that allow them to download MP3s to any MP3 capable device. Moreover, Apple has only a very limited offer of DRM-Free tracks on iTunes, which can be defined as a strong weakness since an increasing number of customers fancy DRM-Free downloads. Another weakness for Apple lies in its pricing, especially for its iPhone. A Mintel research about the mobile phone market in the UK defined pricing and costs to be the most important factor when it comes to purchasing a phone (Mintel, 2007). Also, the iPhone currently doesnt allow the costumer to this instant download files to the mobile, which, compared to the new Nokia N-Series, is a enormous weakness, since it could prevent customers to buy the Apple device and go for the Nokia handset instead. This could lead to a loss of Apples market share to its competitor Nokia. Also, technically, the iPhone isnt quiet as good as its competitor the Nokia N95, as it runs on a slower mobile da ta service and comes only with a 2 Megapixel camera. Another weakness for Apple is, that theyve only chosen one operator in each country where the iPhone is available and thus has restricted the consumers excerpt of network operators.ThreatsThe comanys biggest threat probably constitutes the entrance of Nokia into the digital download market. By providing the opportunity to directly download files to a handset device, Nokia could gain some of Apples a market share in the digital download market, since customers are increasingly fancying mobile downloads that dont restrict them to a bulky pc or laptop. The mobile download market is one of the most opportunity-rich markets the world has ever seen, as Nokias Chief Executive Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo states (Halper,2007), and if Apple doesnt catch up fast on this opportunity it is rail risk to loose its superiour market position to Nokia. Another threat for Apple constitutes the launch of online portals that are specialized in marketing DR M-Free tracks. More and more customers are looking for music that doesnt restrict them to a certain number of copies or to a special device as it is the case with iTunes and the iPod. Although Apple is currently trying to improve its choice of DRM-Free tracks, it still lacks the greater choice and lower price of companies such as Amazon which could lead to custmers switching over from Apple to those in terms of DRM more convinincing sites. Also the threat of illegal download sites would have an negative impact, due to the availability of free digital fill that could sway customers away from Apples iTunes.OpportunitiesAlthough currently especially the youth customer segment is seen as the major target group for downloading, as these customers seem to be less restrictive towards new technologies, providing more substantial and sophisticated products and services for older and wealthier people could proof very profitable for Apple. With the launch of its iPhone Apple has already done an important feed into the mobile phone market that might allow the company to challenge its biggest threat Nokia on their home market. As more and more customers are increasingly becoming aware of innovative techologies and of the benefits arising out of Internet downloading Apple should now take advantage of the great opportunities arising from the fast growing mobile phone download market by making its services directly downloadable to its iPhone as its rival Nokia has already done. Also, the upcoming change in the digital download industry towards ad-supported content could be an opportunity for Apple, if the company manages to strike advertising deals with companies that allow Apple to offer services for free to customers who agree to watching ads. This could bring a whole new bunch of customers to the company. Although these customers wont have to pay for the add-supported services, they will probably buy an iPod or an iPhone or another Apple hardware device.Resource Analysis -The resources of an organisation include its human resource skills, the investment and the capital in every part of the organisation. Apple has advantages in the production and marketing of its new iPod music player and associated software that set the standards for the industry. It had also invested heavily in branding its products and the Apple retail stores that sold its products. All these were part of its resources.Apple takes supplies it buys in- such as components, energy, skills and capital equipment and then uses its own resources and expertise to create a product from these supplies- such as a computer or an iPod- that has a value which is higher than the combined value of all the supplies which have been used to make the product.Environmental Analysis-Organisations need to develop corporate strategies that are best suited to their strengths and weaknesses in relation to the environment in which they operate. For example, Apple faces a highly competitive environment for i ts competitors in relation to the American companies such as Dell, Hewlett Packard. In addition, the company had to cope with changing levels of economic growth in many markets around the world, which influenced the decisions of its customers to purchase new computers.

The Cinema Of Short Films

The Cinema Of short videosCinema is bingle of the few mediums which hold up managed to successfully depict the true reality of society in general and our lives in p subterfugeicular. As similar other art forms, it depicts the multiple realties that one is faced with. It explores one of the most discarded yet eternal truths which every individual experiences and that is isolation. to each one individual longs for social ties despite belonging to organized societies it is what each one of us is ultimately reduced to.A oblivious film is a practiced description originally coined in the Indian film application and implementd in the North Ameri cornerstone film industry in the early limit of picture palace. The description is now used almost interchangeably with compact subject.Although the North American definition generally refers to films between 20 and 40 minutes, the definition refers to such(prenominal) shorter films in Europe, Latin America and Australasia. In New Zea land, for instance, the description can be used to make any film that has term longer than one minute and shorter than 15 minutes. The North American definition withal tends to focus much more(prenominal) on character whereas the European and Australasian forms tend to imagine much more on visual drama and diagram twists. In this way, the North American form can be understood to be a derivation of the feature film form, usually acting as a platform for aspirant Hollywood directors. Elsewhere, short films tend to work as showcases for cinematographers and moneymaking(prenominal) directors. ( concise Film)A short film manages to tell the same tale as a full length feature film, but in a shorter duration of time. It is characterized by the directors reflection of the existing social, political and frugal conditions. A short film narrative is one which can easily be created by masses from all walks of life, it has universal applicability. It enables directors functioning on a s mall budget to tell their stories to the world. The talent in creating a short film lies in communicating the message of the film to the audience in a very limited period of time. The transitions in a short film atomic number 18 of critical importance. What I find intriguing is how any person imbibes from their existing social conditions and produce work which is effectively communicable to most individuals.Another reason to dwell into this theme of research is that many youngsters and amateurs start by making short films and use it as a path to grow. As Daniel Wiernicki states, shortly films are often public as first steps into the film industry among young filmmakers. This is because they are cheaper and easier to make, and also their length makes shorts more likely to be watched by financial backers and others who loss some demonstration of a filmmakers ability. Many things can be achieved by creating a short film so are an ideal prospect to get recognized and get into the industry. (Wiernicki)Through this dissertation, I aim to explore the world of short films in the context of movies which have won the Cannes Short Film Palme dOr (French Palme dOr du court mtrage), which is the highest prize attached to a short film at the Cannes Film Festival. These short films are a representation of different cultures, ideologies, people, religion, economic background, and political thoughts and history from across the world that come together on one platform and showcase their art.The cinema is not an art which films life the cinema is something between art and life. Unlike painting and literature, the cinema both gives to life and labours from it, and I try to render this concept in my films. Literature and painting both exist as art from the very start the cinema doesnt.Jean- Luc GodardLITERATURE REVIEWThroughout our history, humans have looked for different forms of expressing themselves. These expressions were in the form of poetry, literature, songs, pla ys, dancing, etc. films are one of the latest forms of expression that has been adopted by the people around the world to portray their views on their surroundings, any event, or moment that captivates them and they want to show it to the world. The beauty of the films nowadays is that you can detract from reality and present something beyond the human imagination at the same time one can present the harsh realities of life that some dont know rough. Films as a medium of communications can be used to spread ones message or view across the world.History of Cinema (History of Film)The birth of the films happened in 1878, when Eadweard Muybridge recorded a horse running in fast motion using a series of 24 stereoscopic cameras. With the development of engine room came of the Silent era. Till the 1920s movies were silent, though at times they were accompanied by musicians, sound effects, or even commentary at times.1940s to 60s- War and Post War CinemaThe wartime saw immense change in the cinema as more focus was given to propaganda and patriotic films. Films like Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Citizen Cane were pieces of this period.The cold war era brought movies filled with paranoia such as encroaching(a) Armies of Evil Aliens and anti- communist movies such as the Manchurian Candidate. The onset of television in the post war era also threatened the cinematic industry as a medium of watching films.During this Period, Asian Cinema specifically saw a golden age. Some of the greatest masterpieces of the Asian cinema were produced during this period. These overwhelm works like Yasujiro Ozus Tokyo Story (1953), Satyajit Rays The Apu Trilogy (1955-1959) and The Music Room (1958), Kenji Mizoguchis Ugetsu (1954) and Sansho the Bailiff (1954), Raj Kapoors Awaara (1951), Mikio Naruses Floating Clouds (1955), Guru Dutts Pyaasa (1957) and Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959), and the Akira Kurosawa films Rashomon (1950), Ikiru (1952), Seven Samurai (1954) and Throne of Blood ( 1957).1970s Post-classical cinemaThis term is used to describe the period following the decline of the studio system during the 1950s and 1960s and the end of the turnout code. During the 1970s, filmmakers increasingly depicted explicit sexual content and showed shootout and battle scenes that included graphic movies of bloody deaths.The 1980s were filled with movies releasing with sequels like Star Wars, Jaws, and Indiana Jones. The audience also started to watch movies on their videocassette recorder at home during this period.1990s to present Contemporary CinemaThe 1990s saw the development of the independent cinema with commercial success. Special effects also ruled during this period as it was be heavily used by the successful movies of the period like Terminator 2 Judgment Day (1991) and titanic (1997).During the 2000s, documentary genre of film making also rose as can be seen with the success of movies such as March of the Penguins, and Fahrenheit 9/11. Increase in the pr oblem of digital distribution due to infringement of copyrights, and piracy also has reached heights during this period.Cinema as a whole during this decade has become more global with foreign-language films gaining popularity in English-speaking markets. Films such as City of Gods (Portugese), Lagaan (Hindi), and the Passion of the Christ (Aramaic).Some have described the prevailing trend of the period as postmodern because many coetaneous films are apolitical, ahistorical, intertextual, and less tied to the conventions of a single genre or culture. The transnational circulation and genre hybridity of contemporary films is exemplified by the increasing global popularity of non- English speaking cinema. (Film Studies, 2009)Major Genres of FilmsAction, Adventure, Comedy, Crime Gangster films, Drama, Epic/ Historical films, Horror, Musical, Science fiction, War (anti- war), Western, and Eastern films.They are wide of the mark enough to accommodate practically any film ever made, although film categories can never be precise. By isolating the various elements in a film and categorizing them in genres, it is possible to easily evaluate a film within its genre and allow for meaningful comparisons and some judgments on greatness. Films were not in truth subjected to genre analysis by film historians until the 1970s. All films have at least one major genre, although there are a number of films that are considered crossbreeds or hybrids with three or four overlapping genre (or sub-genre) types that identify them. (Dirks)History of Short FilmsShort subject a name initially given to Short Films came into existence in the 1910s when the majority of the feature movies were being made into loner run-time editions. The name short subject is an American film industry term, which was assign to any film within 20 minutes long or running two reels. Short subject films could be comedy, animated, or live action. superstar of the best kn let users of short subject was Laur el and Hardy and Charlie Chaplin.In 1930s came the slowdown of the short subjects, basically produced by Warner Bros and Famous studios that owned their own theatres to showcase the films. By 1995s, the rise of television led to the strangulation of the live action- short and at the same time the fall cartoon short. Since the 1960s, majority of the directors of short films have been special studio projects or independent film makers.Since the 1980s, short film term was being used for short subject. Short film as a term describes the non- commercial film that is much shorter in time length than a feature film/ an analogy that can be gaunt for short film to a feature film is that of a novella and a novel.The short filmmakers heavily depend on the short film festivals and art exhibitions to showcase their short films. At the same time, these film makers have more freedom to take up more difficult topics than normal feature films as the risks are lower. Short film making is now a growi ng as more and more amateurs, students, common man, and enthusiasts are taking this up because of the affordability of the technology to make such films. At the same time one can showcase his work to the world by uploading it on web portals and sharing it with others. It is an bailiwick where people are turning to as a hobby, as an art, to achieve their form expressions. (Wiernicki)Festival de CannesThe Festival is an apolitical no-mans-land, a microcosm of what the world would be like if people could contact each other directly and speak the same language. Jean CocteauBeing first large international pagan event later on the World War II, the Festival de Cannes opened on 20th September, 1946. The Palme dOr was created in 1955. Palme dOr became the enduring symbol of the Cannes Film Festival, awarded each and every year since to the director of the ruff Feature Film of the Official Competition.At present, Festival de Cannes invites film makers from around the world to present the ir work in one place and exchange cultural experiences. The selections for the awards are done from a nomination of films from all over the world, from different socio-economic backgrounds, different cultures, and different historical backgrounds.Cannes offers an opportunity to determine a particular countrys image of its cinema. Festival de Cannes is a melting pot of global cinema and filmmakers. This is the reason why I have undertaken the study of the award winning short films at festival de Cannes.(Festival History)KNOWLEDGE GAPLooking at the current literature review, we see that there is a knowledge gap regarding the study of Short Films in the contemporary cinema as a communication medium. This subject requires an in-depth analysis and more research to come up with some perspectives in this area.RESEARCH OBJECTIVESTo take selected works of Short Films of contemporary cinema, last ten years winner of Cannes Palme dOr du court mtrage (1999-2009), and analyse the context and for m of Short films.Content of the winners of the Cannes Short Film awards (1999-2009) in context of political, sociological, economical, and historical backgrounds.To study the narrative codes in the films to arrive at a deeper understanding of the short films.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe soft research methodology is used in this study. The method would involve content analysis (Roland Barthes), text/narrative analysis and semiotic analysis of the movies.The SampleThe Short Film award winners of Palme dOr du court mtrage (Cannes Short Film Palme dOr) in Festival de Cannes in the last 10 years (1999-2009). The following Short Films have been selected for the studyArenaMegatronVer LloverSnifferPodorozhniTraficCracker BagEso UtanBean CakeAninoWhy the above Sample?The above following sample has been chosen for the reason being that the Festival de Cannes (le Festival de Cannes), founded in 1946, is one of the worlds oldest, finest and most prestigious film festivals which has a very good repr esentation of directors from across the world from different cultural, political, historical, religious, economical, and sociological backgrounds. This provides us with a variety of content for our study. The above movies are selected also on the basis of them being a part of contemporary cinema.How to Study Short FilmsSome of the salient points/ questions that leave alone be used to do this study of short films are as followsWho is telling the story? Why is it being told? Does it start to have a purpose?(media agencies, authorial voice, writers and auteurs, marketing, economics, ideology)How is it experienced? Who consumes it, where and in what way?(readers and media audiences- private and public experience, narrative structures)How is it made?(film technology, publishing and episodic publishing-the differences they make to the production process as well as to the finished product)How does it construct meaning?(film language and written language-expectations of audiences and read ers, codes and conventions, narrative structures)How does it represent its subject- especially with reference to period?(representation, use of stereotypes, representation of the past)(FILM STUDY GUIDE FOR TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD, 2003)Three Ways of Thinking Talking About Films (Wilder, 1997)Literary AspectsDramatic AspectsCinematic AspectsWho are the characters in the film?Did the actors make you forget they were acting? How?What vivid visual images did you note? What did they make you feel or think about?What is the films setting?Were costumes, make-up, and set evenly important to the success of the film?What sounds or music do you remember? What did they make you feel or think about?What are the main plot elements?In what scene was an actors voice (pitch, volume, expression) particularly effective?What scenes can you understand even without dialogue? Why?From whose point of view is the story told?Select a scene that must have been difficult to act. How did the actor make his or he r body movements appropriate and convincing?What scene has very effective or singular editing?What is the theme of the film?Describe a scene in which nervus facialis expression was important. What feelings were developed? Were words essential?If the film uses special effects, do they add to or detract from your enjoyment of the film?What is the mood of the film?Did the actors establish their characters more through dialogue or through movement and facial expressions?.What symbols did you notice?How is this film like or unlike other films by the director? Does this director have a recognizable style?..Was there anything about the acting, set, or costumes that bothered you or interfered with your watching of the film?EXPECTED CONTRIBUTIONGiven that the art of making Short Films is on the upward trend it is necessary to analyze the current trends, narratives, and the context of the Short Films genre in our contemporary cinema. We have enough knowledge on feature length movies but we miss information on the Short Films of our age. The study of this medium is important as Short films are a highly effective medium of communication and will gain importance going forward. As more and more people are turning towards Short Film making due to accessibility to technology, it is one field that needs attention in our world of cinema. A study of its content will give us a better understanding of the Short Films and world around us through their camera scope is imperative.

Effect of Perceived Anonymity of Group Task Social Loafing

Effect of Perceived Anonymity of Group Task Social LoafingTitleThe result of perceived anonymity upon separate parkway in a meeting task.AbstractSocial groundless(prenominal)ness according to Latan et al (1979) is the decrease in personal effort that occurs when an psyche whole kit and caboodle within a sort come to the fore. However, when people feel as though their input is identifiable they are motivated to exert more effort, thereby mitigating companionable loafing. (Harkins Jackson, 1985) In an attempt to discover if this effect could be replicated, an opportunity sample of 52 participants was recruited to partake in an in pendant measures experiment. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two bases, the world group or the snobby group. Both groups were asked, via email, to provide suggestions on how their town centre could be improved. The domain group believed their results would be attributed to them publicly whilst the private group were assured anony mity. It was hypothesized that the public group would provide more suggestions than the private group. The private cause resulted in a lower mean number of responses (M 3.8, SD 2.6) than the public condition (M 6.8, SD 2.22) which supported the hypothesis.IntroductionSocial loafing is the propensity for group members to come to be less productive as the group size increases (Latan et al, 1979). This effect reveals the colloquy relationship that exists between group size and an individuals input to the accomplishment of a task. While examining the association between per ricochetance effectiveness and group productiveness, Ringelmann (1913) discovered that having members of a group work collectively (in this case, pulling a rope) actu exclusivelyy resulted in considerably less effort being applied than when the individual carried out the task independently. Ringelmann also revealed that as more individuals join a group, the group frequently grows progressively inefficient rejecting the premise that group effort faithfully leads to increase productivity. He suggested that groups fail to maximise their potential as several interpersonal processes diminish the groups overall ability. Williams, Harkins and Latan, (1981) attributed two distinct processes as potential sources for the reduced productivity within groups motivation loss, and coordination issues. However, group members largely believe that they are contributing to their full potential when asked evidence has indicated that individuals exhibit loafing without realising (Karau Williams, 1993). In order to facilitate a reduction in amicable loafing, several suggestions forwarded.Kerr Bruun (1983) state that individuals who exhibit accessible loafing often fail to run as they believe other group members testament compensate for them. Therefore, each member of a group should be made to feel like they are vital to the completion of the task at hand. By increasing the individuals perceived importance o f their part of the group, members tend to expend more effort towards achieving the required outcomes.Harkins Szymanski (1989) assert that groups that establish explicit goals tend to outper skeletal frame groups with unclear objectives. Setting clearly defined aims is believed to encourage m both production-enhancing processes, such as increased commitment, comprehensive planning and quality monitoring of group tasks, and increased effort (Weldon, Jehn, Pradhan, 1991). Similar results can be achieved by decreasing the group size as group size reduces, each members role in the group becomes increasingly integral, so the opportunity to loaf is reduced.Finally, and the focus of this study, when people feel as though their individual contribution is identifiable, they become motivated to work harder on a group project (Harkins Jackson, 1985). This is due to the individual experiencing evaluation apprehension, thereby increasing productivity through friendly facilitation. Social fac ilitation is an improvement in performance produced by the presence of others, as in the audience effect as demonstrated by Dashiell (1935), However, should a project allow individual members to remain anonymous, they feel less anxiety about being judged by others, resulting in social loafing (Harkins Petty,1982). The look for hypothesis for this study is Participants in the public group will provide more suggestions than participants in the private group.MethodDesignAn Independent measures experimental bearing with two groups was employed. The independent variable, attribution of comments, was manipulated so that one group was informed that their comments would be publicly attributed to them while the other group was informed that they would remain anonymous. The dependent variable was the total number of responses.Participants52 Participants from the experimenters friends, family and workplace were asked via email to participate. Participants were assigned, on an alternate basis , to either the public or private condition. The number of participants in each condition was equal.MaterialsStandard (2013) desktop PC running Windows 8 and Microsoft Office 2010 was used for all email correspondence, data morsel.Ethical consent form obtained from a university representative prior to experiment. (See Appendix A).Participant consent form (See Appendix B).Public group instruction form (See Appendix C). hush-hush group instruction form (See Appendix D).Response collation form (See Appendix E).Participant debrief form (See Appendix F).ProcedureEach participant in the first instance was contacted via email to ask if they wished to take part in a inquiry experiment. Participants who agreed were randomly assigned to one of two groups, the public group or the private group, by means of order of response. For example the first participant to agree to take part was allocated to the public group, the second to private and alternated thusly until all participants had been as signed a group. Each was then sent, via email, an instruction form relating to their group and a consent form to realised. Each participant was asked to pursue the instructions provided and succumb both the consent form and their responses by email within 48 hours. Once the responses were received the debrief sheet was sent out to inform the participant of the true nature of the experiment and advise them that they could remove their data and consent should they wish to. As no consent was withdrawn all data gathered was utilised. The total number of responses for each participant was counted and recorded under the appropriate group heading on the response collation form for statistical analysis.ResultsThe results from the two groups were collected and collated into a table of raw data (See Appendix G). Summary statistics are provided in Table 1 and the mean value are displayed in Figure 1. An independent-samples t-test was conducted to compare the number of responses in public an d private conditions (See Appendix H). There was a significant difference in the loads for the public (M=6.8, SD= 2.2) and the private (M=3.8, SD=2.6) conditions t (50) =4.52, p= Figure 1. Mean number of responses for public and private conditions.DiscussionThe results generated in this study support Harkins and Jacksons (1985) assertion that identification increases group productivity in that the public group provided a significantly higher response mean. It also suggests Ringelmanns (1913) observations and Latan et als (1979) social loafing may occur even when group members are not physically part of a group.A possible issue of victimisation an independent measures design for this type of search is the potential for error arising from individual differences between participants, for example it may fall in been that those selected for the public group may admit been, in general, more civically minded with a greater personal investment in their home town. As a result the public group major power return more responses, not as a result of the independent variable being altered but of the individual differences in participants. To mitigate this effect more information would need to be gleaned from participants to ensure equal distributions between groups.Social loafing and social facilitation, in general, are viewed as distinct lines of research in social psychological literature. It appears, however, that these two phenomena may be closely related as the latter appears to mitigate the former. Further research into the extent to which they act would be useful in uncovering the depth of the relationship. A pertinent question would be is there a situation where social facilitation fails to affect social loafing?ReferencesDashiell, J. F. (1935). Experimental studies of the influence of social situations on the behavior of individual human adults.Harkins, S. G., Petty, R. E. (1982). Effects of task difficulty and task uniqueness on social loafing. Journal of disposition and Social Psychology, 43(6), 1214.Harkins, S. G., Szymanski, K. (1989). Social loafing and group evaluation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,56(6), 934.Karau, S. J., Williams, K. D. (1993). Social loafing A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration.Journal of personality and social psychology,65(4), 681.Kerr, N. L., Bruun, S. E. (1983). Dispensability of member effort and group motivation losses Free-rider effects. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 44(1), 78.Latan, B., Williams, K., Harkins, S. (1979). Many hands make light the work The causes and consequences of social loafing.Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology,37(6), 822-832. doi10.1037/0022-3514.37.6.822Ringelmann, M. (1913). search on animate sources of power The work of man.Annales de lInstuit National Agronomique,12, 1-40.Szymanski, K., Harkins, S. G. (1987). Social loafing and self-evaluation with a social standard.Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology,53(5), 891-897. doi10.1037/0022-3514.53.5.891Weldon, E., Jehn, K. A., Pradhan, P. (1991). Processes that mediate the relationship between a group goal and improved group performance.Journal of personality and social psychology,61(4), 555.AppendixAppendix ACompleted ethical consent form obtained prior to study.Research Projects UHI StudentsAll Undergraduate, Taught Postgraduate and Research Students registered on any UHI programme underpickings a research project must seek ethical approval via their Project Supervisor prior to undertaking any form of fieldwork or data collection exercise. amuse read the UHI Research morals Framework before completing this form and leaseting it to your Project Supervisor for approval and signature. enthral pay close attention to the counseling notes, as it may be necessary for you to complete another form as part of this exercise.Further information on UHIs Research Ethics Policy and the ethical approval process can be found at http//www.uhi.ac.uk/en/r esearch-enterprise/resource/ethicsResearch Ethics ChecklistPlease complete as appropriateIf the dish out to the above question is Yes, compliance with NHS Guidelines will be required (see www.nhshighland.scot.nhs.uk/Research/Pages/ResearchEthics.aspx ), and there is no need for you to answer the rest questions. Please complete and sign the declaration at the end of this form and submit it to your Project Supervisor.If the answer is No, enliven continue to Question 2.If the answer to the above question is Yes, please answer the remaining questions.If the answer is No, please complete and sign the declaration at the end of this form and submit it to your Project Supervisor.If you have answered No in each case to Questions 3-14, please complete the Declaration and pass this form to your Project Supervisor for approval.If you have answered Yes to any of the questions, please complete Form REC1-D Student and submit it to your Project Supervisor along with this form.DECLARATION*please delete as appropriatePROJECT supervisory program AUTHORISATIONI confirm thatComments Approved or Not Approved convey You. Once authorised, please pass this form, along with Form REC1-D Student if relevant, to the UHI Research Ethics OfficerAppendix BParticipant consent form.Consent FormNameAgeTop of FormGender MaleFemaleWould you like a copy of the completed report? Yes NoBottom of FormAppendix CPublic group instruction form.Instructions Public GroupThank you for volunteering to take part in this project.You are in a group of about 40 people from your local community who have been asked to provide suggestions on how your local town centre can be improved (e.g. provision of litter bins, other shops you would like to see/not see, activities etc).All group members will receive a copy of all suggestions and their authors, made by the group.You can provide as many suggestions as you like.Please send your suggestions by return email within 48 hours.You will then receive a debrief sheet. Appendix DPrivate group instruction form.Instructions Private GroupThank you for volunteering to take part in this project.You are in a group of about 40 people from your local community who have been asked to provide suggestions on how your local town centre can be improved (e.g. provision of litter bins, other shops you would like to see/not see, activities etc).No-one else in your group will see your suggestions or name and participation will be in the strictest confidence.You can provide as many suggestions as you like.Please send your suggestions by return email within 48 hours.You will then receive a debrief sheet.Appendix EResult collation form.Appendix FParticipant debrief form.Debrief sheetThank you again for taking part in this project.You have in fact been taking part in an experiment into social loafing. You were amongst a group of 40 participants who were randomly assigned to one of two groups, a public group and a private group. The aim of the experiment was to compar e the amount of suggestions provided by each group. It was anticipated that the public group would provide more suggestions as they believed they would be determine and as such would not want to appear to be putting the overall performance of the group down, the private group were expected to provide less suggestions as they were not to be identifiable and it would not be known if they provided only one suggestion for the group, and therefore more prone to social loafing.The data has now been collated and we did indeed find that the public group provided more suggestions than the private group. These findings along with a report will be written and submitted to the University of Highlands and Islands as part of an assessment carried out by 3rd year Psychology Degree students.Your personal details will not appear in the last-place report other than the amount of suggestions provided and you will be referred to by number only.We apologise for deceiving you and accept that you may wi sh to withdraw your data from this study, if so please inform us by return email and we will remove your data from the group.In order for us to use your data, please complete the affiliated form and return by email as soon as possible.Should you wish to receive a copy of the report, please tick the appropriate recession on the attached form.Thank you again for your participation in this study.Appendix GRaw data collated from participant responses.Appendix HIndependent Samples T Test results.1

Physics and Surfing :: physics surf surfing

When a wind begins to blow across a flat body of peeing ripples piss almost immediately, then wavelets, and finally nearly fully developed waves, having almost definite wave lengths and shapes. Surface waves provideing also form, during calm wind, where opposing currents meet. This is know as current rips and can be dangerous for small or overloaded boats. A good estimate of the wind whet can be obtained by observing its effect on the water. For example, at 5 knots only small wavelets can be observed. A 10 knot wind speed will produce a few whitecaps. At 15 knots whitecaps can be seen up to 30% of the area. At 20 knots whitecaps can be seen upto 60% of the area. At 30 knots whitecaps and spray can be seen all over and foam from the breakers begins to form. At 40 knots streaks of foam can easy be seen. At 50 knots visibility is reduced and the sea begins to take on a white appearance from all the foam. Current directions and speed will greatly affect the areas covered by spray a nd breakers. Factors Affecting Wave Heights1. Wind.2. Wind duration.3. Length and width of wind fetch. (This is the distance over the water in which the wind blows in nearly the same direction.)4. Depth of the water.5. Direction and speed of the current.6. Rate of precipitation.7. Air temperature.8. Amounts of flotsam, ice, or seaweed in the fetch area. 1. How high will the waves get? Maximum wave line of longitudes (in feet) will not get any higher than * the wind speed in knots. This is correct over 90% of the time. Note Wave height begins to increase when the depth of the water is less than or equal to 1/4 of the wavelength because the wave starts to touch the sea floor. 2. What is the difference between waves and swells? Waves occur where the wind is blowing. Swells are waves that have moved away from the wind generating area and frequently give warnings of an approaching storm. 3. What is the significant wave height? Significant wave height (SWH) is the average height of 1/3 of the highest waves, or the height of the waves an observer is most likely to report. The significant wave height is used in the marine forecasts. Table 1.Wave heights in relationship to the significant wave height (SWH)Most frequent wave height .5 x SWH

Issues Facing Blacks in Alice Walkers In Search of our Mothers Garden

Issues lining discolors in Alice Walkers In Search of our Mothers Gardens   In Alice Walkers book, In Search Of Our Mothers Gardens, she addresses many issues approach sours in todays society. The dickens essays examined here, The Black writer and the southmostern Experience and The Unglamorous But Worthwhile Duties Of the Black Revolutionary Artist Or Of the Black Writer Who Simply work and Writes, concern themselves with the truth and beauty of being a black gray writer and the role of the revolutionary black artist, respectively. The first essay, The Black Writer and the Southern Experience, is concerned with the truth of the South, primarily in the era beginning with the Jim Crow laws and coming up to the present. Walker speaks of some of the incidents that happened in the South and that even though these argon shameful events, there is a beauty to be found in them. In ane anecdote, she recalls a time in which her mother was to redeem a voucher for flour from the Red Cross. When the Red Cross woman looked at her in the clothes sent to her by an auntie from the North, all she could remonstrate on was the gall of those niggers who come to beg, wearing nicer clothes than her. While this can be seen as an ugly, embarrassing guessing, Walker sees the beauty in the fact that this scene did not keep her from feeding her family. Walker states, I am nostalgic for the solidarity and sharing a modest existence can sometimes bring (17). By this state workforcet she speaks of the way in which the community of neighbors joined together to take care of each other. This is one of the truths of the South. Walker also speaks of other truth. This truth is one of no universals, as far as people go. Some of the same people that preach... ....should be hated...However, there are some men who should be love (137). I am in agreement with Walker in this essay also. The way in which Walker relates her ideas is one of directness. Her view of the globe as a whole does not seem to concentrate on the victim mentality or of the evil of white as seems the prevailing faith of some black writers of the day. There exists a positivism in her writing that is to be applauded. Walker states, It is the duty of the artist to present the man as he is (137) and it is this commitment to honestness that makes her a great writer. Based on the reading of the essays, I would characterize her as a conservative womanist. Her views and the ways in which she wishes to remind change are not too radical as to be mistaken as anti-society or as anti-white. Walker realizes, as everyone should, change takes time.     Issues Facing Blacks in Alice Walkers In Search of our Mothers Garden Issues Facing Blacks in Alice Walkers In Search of our Mothers Gardens   In Alice Walkers book, In Search Of Our Mothers Gardens, she addresses many issues facing blacks in todays society. The two essays examined here, The Black Writer and the Sout hern Experience and The Unglamorous But Worthwhile Duties Of the Black Revolutionary Artist Or Of the Black Writer Who Simply Works and Writes, concern themselves with the truth and beauty of being a black Southern writer and the role of the revolutionary black artist, respectively. The first essay, The Black Writer and the Southern Experience, is concerned with the truth of the South, primarily in the era beginning with the Jim Crow laws and coming up to the present. Walker speaks of some of the incidents that happened in the South and that even though these are shameful events, there is a beauty to be found in them. In one anecdote, she recalls a time in which her mother was to redeem a voucher for flour from the Red Cross. When the Red Cross woman looked at her in the clothes sent to her by an aunt from the North, all she could remark on was the gall of those niggers who come to beg, wearing nicer clothes than her. While this can be seen as an ugly, embarrassing scene, Walker se es the beauty in the fact that this scene did not keep her from feeding her family. Walker states, I am nostalgic for the solidarity and sharing a modest existence can sometimes bring (17). By this statement she speaks of the way in which the community of neighbors joined together to take care of each other. This is one of the truths of the South. Walker also speaks of another truth. This truth is one of no universals, as far as people go. Some of the same people that preach... ....should be hated...However, there are some men who should be loved (137). I am in agreement with Walker in this essay also. The way in which Walker relates her ideas is one of directness. Her view of the world as a whole does not seem to concentrate on the victim mentality or of the evil of white as seems the prevailing opinion of some black writers of the day. There exists a positivism in her writing that is to be applauded. Walker states, It is the duty of the artist to present the man as he is (137) a nd it is this commitment to honesty that makes her a great writer. Based on the reading of the essays, I would characterize her as a conservative womanist. Her views and the ways in which she wishes to instigate change are not too radical as to be mistaken as anti-society or as anti-white. Walker realizes, as everyone should, change takes time.